The former can get a double certificate (both academic qualifications and degrees can be obtained), while the latter only has a degree and no academic qualifications (generally, he will take the equivalent academic examination in May and take the joint exam in 10).
Graduate students are divided into master students and doctoral students. To take a master's degree, you generally need to take foreign languages, politics, comprehensive subjects (depending on the majors you apply for) and professional courses. Dr. Kao doesn't need to take a political exam.
As a postgraduate course after the undergraduate course, the employment situation of China University graduates is getting more and more severe today, which undoubtedly alleviates many problems to a great extent.
In Chinese mainland, ordinary people generally call master graduates "graduate students" and doctoral graduates "doctors". Therefore, according to the common name, it has become the ladder of "college students"-"graduate students"-"doctors".
At present, the types of graduate students in China are complicated, which can be divided from the following angles.
● According to the different student status management, it is divided into graduate students with academic qualifications and non-graduate students. The former refers to taking the entrance examination organized by the state (including the recommended exemption for fresh graduates and the separate entrance examination organized by some colleges and universities approved by the Ministry of Education), and obtaining postgraduate status after being admitted. Upon graduation, if the course study and thesis defense meet the requirements of the Academic Degrees Regulations, you can get a master's diploma and a master's degree certificate. The latter refers to not taking the entrance examination organized by the state and having no student status. Students take part in postgraduate courses, complete the courses according to the teaching plan, apply for the national unified examination of foreign language level and subject comprehensive level of postgraduate students organized by the state, obtain the qualification for degree application, and then obtain the degree certificate through the defense of master's thesis, without a postgraduate diploma.
● According to the different channels of learning funds, it is divided into national planned graduate students, entrusted graduate students (referred to as entrusted graduate students) and self-funded graduate students. The national planned postgraduate training funds are provided by the state, and the entrusted postgraduate training funds are provided by the entrusting unit. You must sign a contract when you enter school and work in the entrusting unit after graduation. The training funds for self-funded graduate students are provided by themselves, and sometimes they can be spent from the research funds of tutors or sponsored by the society. The proportion of self-funded graduate students is expanding year by year. In the long run, it is an inevitable trend to charge for postgraduate education, but there is no complete plan that can be implemented immediately. Therefore, it is unlikely that the state plans to pay tuition for graduate students next year.
● According to different majors and uses, they are divided into ordinary graduate students and special types of graduate students. Among them, ordinary graduate students account for the vast majority. At present, the mature specialized graduate students in China mainly include MBA and JM. Recently, the Master of Public Administration (MPA) appeared. There are great differences between special graduate students and ordinary graduate students in qualification, academic system requirements and learning content. Therefore, at the end of this article, the MBA and the Master of Laws will be introduced respectively (the Master of Public Administration needs to be recommended by the company, so I won't introduce it here).
Master students implement the credit system. Courses, like undergraduate courses, include compulsory courses and elective courses. The academic system is generally two to three years, most of which are three years, and some are two and a half years. Generally speaking, the first two years are the study time of basic courses and professional courses, and most of the credits can usually be completed; The third year is used to finish graduation thesis, practice and find a job. Many schools stipulate that if you complete the required credits in advance and meet certain conditions, you can apply for early graduation. According to the regulations, the study period of in-service postgraduate students can be extended by one year accordingly.
On-the-job graduate students (pinyin: zháI zhíyán jisshēnɡ)
On-the-job graduate students are a type of postgraduate education in the national plan, who work and study part-time in schools as on-the-job personnel. Belongs to the national education series. There are different types in registration, examination requirements and admission methods. Is a formal graduate student admitted by the school, and has obtained the same academic qualifications as full-time graduate students.
Since 2007, in the national unified entrance examination for postgraduate students, the subjects of pedagogy, history and medicine have been adjusted from 4 to 3, among which political theory and foreign languages remain unchanged, and the two professional courses have been merged into one comprehensive examination of professional foundation.
The full score of political theory and foreign language subjects is still 100, and the full score of professional basic comprehensive subjects is 300. The comprehensive subject examination of professional foundation is a comprehensive examination of professional basic courses in undergraduate stage, and the examination content is the necessary professional basic knowledge, basic theory and corresponding ability to enter the postgraduate study stage.
In order to better prepare for the professional courses after the reform, Sohu Education, in conjunction with Kaicheng Professional Course Counseling Center and Postgraduate Education Network, invited senior postgraduate course consultants to explain the changes in the syllabus of postgraduate history courses and answer questions from netizens. The following is an interview record:
Moderator: Hello, netizens, welcome to the lecture on graduate curriculum reform held by Sohu Graduate Education Channel. Today, I'd like to invite Mr. Lu Feng, the chief guidance expert of Kaicheng's history course. He has a master's degree in history in Peking University and has a good knowledge of historical reform.
Let's ask Mr. Feng Lu to introduce the overall situation of historical reform.
Lu Feng: In June, 2006, the Ministry of Education's Notice on the Reform of Some Subjects in the 2007 National Postgraduate Unified Entrance Examination pointed out that there were three changes in the history of 2007. In 2007, the subject content of the preliminary history test was adjusted, and political theory, foreign languages and professional knowledge were integrated, and the comprehensive investigation scope of professional knowledge was moderately broadened compared with the two business courses. The second change is that the way of proposition has changed, from the original independent proposition of each school to the national unified proposition of comprehensive subjects. The third change is the scope or content of the exam. After repeated research and discussion by experts, it is determined that the historical basis should cover the ancient history of China, the modern history of China, the ancient history of the world and the modern history of the world.
The total score of the test paper is 300 points, and the time is still 180 minutes. Answer method b is a written test. The content of the examination is about 30% in the ancient history of China, 20% in the modern history of China, 20% in the ancient history of the world and 30% in the modern history of the world. Among them, the contents of historical theory and history, historical philology, historical geography and special history will be organically reflected in the above parts. This is the requirement of the investigation scale. There are four types of questions in the test paper structure. The multiple-choice questions are 20 questions, with 2 points for each question, 8 questions for noun explanation, 10 for each question, 2 questions for historical data analysis, 30 points for each question, 4 questions for short answer, and 30 points for each question. This is the score of the whole subject, so the overall introduction ends here.
Moderator: Thank you for your introduction. Let's look at the problems of netizens.
Netizen: Since there are so many categories in the initial examination of the syllabus, it will be divided into different research directions after entering the school, which is very professional, but isn't it a bit contradictory that the initial examination is so unified? Can you get the level?
Lu Feng: The basic requirement of the initial examination reform is to continue to strengthen the re-examination of professional quality and professional practical ability, and at the same time further streamline and optimize the subjects of the initial examination, so that the initial examination pays more attention to the basic quality, general ability and basic literacy of candidates.
From the starting point of reform, the examination pays more attention to basic knowledge, basic theory, basic historical materials and basic skills. This gives us some hints, that is to say, the focus of the exam has changed a lot from the original exam. The initial examination is mainly an elective examination, which can be said to be a qualification examination. It can be seen that in the future postgraduate re-examination, the proportion of re-examination may increase, and schools will pay more attention to re-examination.
Moderator: To sum up, that is to say, in the initial test, we mainly focus on coverage, unity and foundation, and we will examine everyone's personality in the second test.
Lu Feng: Yes.
Netizen: Since the examination paper is unified by the state, is it unified by the state or is it conducted by each school itself?
Lu Feng: This question is not explicitly mentioned in the examination syllabus. The examination syllabus only mentions the implementation of a unified national proposition for comprehensive subjects. The form of marking may be similar to that of the college entrance examination, that is, organizing some teachers to mark the papers in each province.
Netizen: Hello, teacher. I'm a multi-major and I'm very interested in history. I want to take the postgraduate exam in this subject, but I haven't read any professional books yet. How should I review in the next five months?
Lu Feng: It is very important for cross-disciplinary students to understand the characteristics of the entrance examination for graduate students majoring in history and be familiar with the contents of the entrance examination for graduate students majoring in history. This year, the Ministry of Education has made great changes in the postgraduate entrance examination, and the outline has been published, which should be good news for these interdisciplinary candidates. Because for them, the content of the exam is more clear, and everyone can review according to the knowledge points involved in the outline. More targeted, more targeted, and more certain in content.
Moderator: The following is a very important question, and we netizens are very concerned about it. Did the syllabus give any designated reference books after the unified examination? If not, can Teacher Lu recommend some reference books for you?
Lu Feng: The syllabus only gives the knowledge points of the exam, not the specific reference books, but I can recommend it to you. These recommendations only reflect the reference books that I personally think are more authoritative: The Ancient History of China edited by Zhu Shaohou, published by Fujian People's Publishing House; Li Kan is waiting for The Modern History of China published by Zhonghua Book Company; History of People's Republic of China (PRC), edited by He Qin, published by Higher Education Press; Modern History of China, edited by Wang Zhilin, was published by Higher Education Press. World history includes: World History (six volumes) edited by Wu and Qi, published by Higher Education Press; Link Zhu, editor-in-chief of World History in Ancient Medieval Times, Peking University Publishing House; Medieval History of the World, edited by Kong Xiangming, Beijing Normal University Press.
Netizen: What changes have been made in the content and focus of the history major examination, and what is the significance of the change in the examination form or focus? Thank you, Teacher Lu.
Lu Feng: Compared with before, the new syllabus has changed a lot in emphasis and examination form. In the past, it was an independent proposition of each school, and each school had its own characteristics and characteristics, as well as its own emphasis. Some schools pay attention to students' basic knowledge and skills, while others pay attention to students' knowledge depth and subject ability, so the topics are partial, deep and detailed. Now it is a unified proposition, and the differences between the initial examinations of colleges and universities have now disappeared. It can be said that this is a big change. Now we carefully analyze the outline and the attached test questions, and the overall feeling is that the knowledge points involved are more important and have far-reaching historical significance and influence. However, the types of questions are very common, from which it can be seen that the initial history test of master students pays more attention to examining students' basic quality, general ability and basic literacy of disciplines.
Fish: Do you want to focus on two general histories when reviewing?
Lu Feng: Because this year's exam has an outline, we can refer to the knowledge points involved in the outline for targeted review. For example, there are 1 1 in the syllabus related to the actual ancient history. Among them, except for the first one about prehistoric humans and the tenth one about the history of Eastern Europe and Asia in the Middle Ages, the other nine topics all involve the word "civilization". This shows that in the investigation of world history, the ancient history of the world does not involve all the knowledge points, but only the knowledge points listed in the outline, so you don't have to master all the knowledge points in the textbook. As long as you master the knowledge points listed in the outline, you should be able to cope with the candidates.
Moderator: Thank you. Some netizens asked how to review the introduction to history.
Lu Feng: In the outline, in the introduction of the examination form and examination paper structure, the third point about the proportion of examination papers mentioned historical theory, historiography, historical philology, historical geography, special history and so on, which will be organically reflected in the ancient history of China, the modern history of China, the ancient history of the world and the modern history of the world. This shows that the examination method of history theory is organic and flexible in the postgraduate history entrance examination. Is to investigate together with other knowledge.
Xiao Hu: The analysis outline of the examination center of the Ministry of Education?
Lu Feng: We haven't seen it in the market yet, but we expect the Ministry of Education to come up with relevant analysis within a period of time, so please keep an eye on it.
Netizen: After reading the example, I found that a question accounted for a great score. For example, a noun explanation actually accounts for 10. What should we pay attention to when answering these seemingly simple questions?
Lu Feng: When answering the explanation of nouns, there should be several aspects that must be involved. For example, the test case of noun interpretation, the fourth bill of rights, about this noun interpretation, the answer should involve the following aspects: time, the main content of this bill, its influence and significance. In other words, some basic facts should be written in the process of answering questions about noun explanation. We should weigh each noun according to its specific situation. The purpose of questioner's investigation on noun explanation is mainly to examine everyone's knowledge, as long as everyone answers the main facts about the noun.
Netizen: When will the Historical Outline come out and where can I buy it?
Lu Feng: The Outline of History was published by Higher Education Press on July 6th, 2005. You can buy it at the headquarters of Beijing Beitaipingzhuang Higher Education Press. If students from other places may be a little late, they can buy them at the bookstore of the relevant local higher education publishing house.
Netizen: Some schools are designated to take the unified examination, but they still give reference books to this school. Do we treat reference books according to the reference books designated by the original school or according to the new reference books? What does Teacher Lu think of this problem?
Moderator: Some schools have decided to take the unified examination, but the bibliography given is still in accordance with the old bibliography. What do you think of this?
Lu Feng: There is no uniform standard for selecting reference books. You can choose authoritative reference books in various parts of China according to your actual situation. As long as these reference books cover all the knowledge points given in the outline, it should be said that they are all possible. Although these schools have given them reference books, we can't mistake these reference books for the standard reference books for the history examination. It only reflects the regulations of our school and is for reference only.
Netizen: After the unified examination, if it is still unified, isn't this the same as the college entrance examination?
Lu Feng: The form of marking papers may be the same as the college entrance examination, but the essence is very different. Because the college entrance examination is a separate enrollment in each province, and the provinces are unified in marking, but the postgraduate entrance examination is a unified proposition and unified in marking, which may be based on the province and facing the whole country.
The form is a bit similar to the college entrance examination, that is to say, the country unifies the proposition and scores, but it is still very different from the college entrance examination. After all, the level of postgraduate entrance examination and college entrance examination and the quality requirements for students are different. They also have many differences. For example, the most important difference is that the initial test is only the first threshold for you to enter a university, but the most critical part is that the importance of the second test is not available in the college entrance examination, which means that whether you can enter this university or not is ultimately determined, or every university has the final decision. This aspect reflects the embodiment of our country in the postgraduate entrance examination. In the reform document of the Ministry of Education, it has been proposed to increase the autonomy of colleges and universities in the re-examination stage and increase the freedom of college examinations. That is to say, in the initial examination stage, although it is unified, this mainly focuses on laying a good foundation for all students, but when the second examination, the university still has the final say. There are similarities with the college entrance examination, but the most fundamental and essential aspects are not the same as the college entrance examination.