Unit 5 Social Changes in Major European and American Countries

I. Renaissance (P79-8 1)

1, time:14-16th century 2, rising place: Italy 3, guiding ideology: humanistic spirit.

4. Essence: the emerging bourgeois anti-feudal ideological and cultural movement.

5. Achievements: Literature → Dante's Divine Comedy is the pioneer of the Italian Renaissance.

Art: Leonardo da Vinci → The Last Supper is known as "the cornerstone of European art" and the Mona Lisa.

6. Function: In the ideological field, it broke through the shackles of feudal system and religious theology for hundreds of years, liberated people's minds and created the necessary ideological and cultural premise for the development of capitalism.

Second, the new route P8 1-83 pages

1, reason: (1) root cause: the development of commodity economy and capitalism in western European countries has increased the demand for gold. (2) The Ottoman Empire controlled the main road of East-West trade.

2. Requirements: (1) Advanced navigation knowledge and shipbuilding technology. (2) a certain amount of financial resources.

3. The first countries to open new routes: Spain and Portugal.

Navigator: (1) Columbus crossed the Atlantic from Europe to America with the support of Spain. (2) Da Gama went to India from Europe with the support of Portugal. (3) Magellan sailed around the world with the support of Spain.

5. Impact: The opening of the new air route has promoted overseas expansion and the initial formation of the world market, and promoted the original accumulation of capital. At the same time, it broke the closed and isolated state around the world, linked the old continent with the new continent, and the world history took a key step from decentralization to integration.

Three. Bill of Rights: Time:1689; Promulgator: promulgated by the British Parliament; Content: Restrict the king's legislative power, financial power, military power and the right to control parliament. Significance: It laid the theoretical and legal foundation of British constitutional monarchy and provided a paradigm for other countries in the world to limit absolute monarchy. P89

Fourth, the significance of the British bourgeois revolution: the victory of the British bourgeois revolution is the victory of the bourgeoisie and new noble over the feudal autocratic forces and the victory of the parliament over the king. The establishment of constitutional monarchy is the greatest political influence of the British revolution on Europe and even the world. The rapid development of British capitalism also opened up a broad road and accelerated the arrival of the first industrial revolution. P89

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Declaration of Independence: Time:1July 4, 776. Promulgator: The Second Continental Congress. Jefferson drafted it. Content: Condemn the tyranny of the British king over the colonial people and declare the independence of the United States; Announced the bourgeois principles of freedom and democracy, declared that all people are born equal, and the colonial people have the right to life, freedom and the right to pursue happiness. Significance: It is the "first declaration of human rights" in human history and the banner of the colonial people's anti-British struggle, which greatly inspired the revolutionary fighting spirit of the North American people and fought bravely for the lofty goal of independence. P92

Sixth, the significance of the American War of Independence: it freed the United States from British colonial rule, realized national independence, and cleared the way for the development of American capitalism; Set an example for the independence movement of Latin American people; Promoted the European revolution in the18th century. P96

7. During the French Revolution, the big bourgeoisie came to power and promulgated the Declaration of Human Rights. Time: 1789. Promulgator: Constituent Assembly. Content: Declare that people are born free and equal; Freedom, property, security and resistance to oppression are natural and inalienable human rights; National sovereignty belongs to the people; Everyone is equal before the law; Every citizen enjoys freedom of speech, publication, writing and belief; Property rights are sacred and inviolable. Significance: It is a programmatic historical document of the French Revolution, which clearly puts forward human rights and civil rights, clarifies the basic principles of bourgeois democracy and legal system, and is the "birth certificate of a new society". P 100 page

Eight: the historical significance of the French Revolution: it was a broad and profound political and social revolution, which destroyed the feudal autocracy in France, established the political rule of the bourgeoisie and promoted the development of the capitalist economy; It was a European revolution, which promoted the anti-feudal struggle of European countries and laid the foundation of European democracy. P 104

9. Evaluation of Washington: As commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, he led the American people to win the struggle against British colonial rule; Adhere to the Republican system, promulgated the first bourgeois republic constitution (1787 Constitution), separated the three powers, formed the federal government, and was elected as the first president; Adhere to the lifelong system of principals and oppose it, which puts an end to the possibility of lifelong system of principals. P96

X. Evaluation of Napoleon: 1799, 1 1 In June, with the support of the big bourgeoisie and the army, he launched a coup in Wudu and established a military dictatorship; 1In May, 804, it changed from a republic to a monarchy and established a bourgeois monarchy-Napoleon Empire. He established an effective administrative organization for France and took many effective measures to develop capitalism, which promoted the development of French capitalism. The Napoleonic Code he formulated affirmed the achievements of the French Revolution in legal form and provided a model for other countries to formulate civil codes. He launched foreign wars, attacked the old feudal rule of various countries and spread revolutionary ideas, but at the same time plundered the wealth of the occupied countries and aroused the dissatisfaction and resistance of the local people. 1865438+In June 2005, the Napoleonic Empire finally fell. P 102

The First Industrial Revolution and the International Workers' Movement and the Birth of Marxism

I. British Industrial Revolution P11-116

1, the country of the first industrial revolution was Britain, and the time was 65438+1960s. First of all, from the cotton textile industry, Hargreaves invented the Jenny machine, marking the beginning of the industrial revolution. P 1 1 1

2. 1782, Watt improved the steam engine. This is the most important technological invention in the first industrial revolution. Function: As a power machine, the steam engine is widely used in various industrial sectors and transportation, injecting great vitality into the industrial revolution, pushing human society to a brand-new "age of steam" and accelerating the process of industrialization. P 1 13

3. 18 14 Stephenson developed the world's first steam locomotive. 1825, Britain built the world's first railway, from stockton to Linton, which is of great significance to create a new era of human land transportation. P 1 15

Unit 7

Ii. * * * Declaration: (1) Time: 1848. (2) Author: Marx and Engels. (3) Core idea: scientific socialist theory. (4) Significance: It is a programmatic document of scientific communism, which marks the birth of Marxism and sets a great fighting banner for the international workers' movement. P 1 19

Third, after the failure of the Paris Commune, Ou Ren? Portal wrote the Internationale, which expressed the strong determination of the proletariat to realize the communist ideal. P 122

Unit 7 Colonial Expansion and the Struggle of Colonial People

I. triangle trade: (1) Spain and Portugal were the first countries to colonize Africa. (2) The slave trade first appeared in15th century. Portugal was the first country to engage in slave trade, and Britain was the largest slave trader in the world in the18th century.

(3) triangle trade's route: the return trip is P 130 pages.

Mid-range travel

(4) The impact of the slave trade: Africa lost more than 654.38 billion people, which led to the decline of African traditional civilization and economic and social retrogression. For the United States, it provided labor force for the development of the United States, and African culture was brought to the United States, which had a great impact on the formation and development of American culture. For Europe, it accelerated the primitive accumulation of European capital. In today's society, racial discrimination against blacks breeds P 13 1 page

Second, Bolivar, a Latin American country that has shown outstanding performance in the struggle against Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule, is honored as a "liberator" by many South American countries. P 133

Third, the first national uprising in Indian history broke out in 1857. Among them, the struggle against the British colonists led by Queen Zhang Xi is epic. P 137

Consolidation and expansion of bourgeois rule

I. American Civil War P 143- 147

1. Cause: the opposition between the capitalist wage labor system in the north and plantation slavery in the south. The focus of the contradiction is the preservation or abolition of black slavery.

2. Lincoln's main activities in the American Civil War: (1)18601Lincoln was elected president, and he advocated limiting slavery, which became the fuse of war. (2)1861April 2005 15, Lincoln announced the defection of seven southern states and ordered the recruitment of volunteers to fight for the unification of the federation. (3) At the beginning of the Civil War, the Lincoln administration was indecisive in solving major issues such as land and liberating black slaves, and its military actions failed repeatedly. (4) 1862, the Lincoln administration promulgated the Homestead Act and liberated the slaves, which reversed the war situation and accelerated the process of military victory in the North. (5) 1865, 1 In June, the National Assembly passed the amendment to Article 13 of the Constitution, announcing the abolition of slavery nationwide. P 144- 145 Lincoln was loved by the American people because he safeguarded the national unity of the United States and liberated the slaves.

3. Time: 1862. Literature: The homestead law initially met the farmers' land requirements and prevented slavery from spreading to the west. Emancipation Proclamation (content: From 1863 65438+ 10 1, slaves in all rebel states will be free forever and can join the Union Army. Significance: it reversed the war situation and accelerated the process of military victory in the north. P 145 page

4. The nature of the American Civil War: the second bourgeois revolution in American history. Historical role: abolish black slavery, better solve the problem of farmers' land, safeguard national unity, clear the way for the accelerated development of American capitalism and lay the foundation for the United States to become a world power. Page P 147.

Second, the Russian serfdom reform:

(1):***: Tsar Alexander II. (2) Time: 186 1 March.

(3) Content: Abolish serfdom. Provisions: farmers are free people in law and enjoy the free right to own property, engage in industrial and commercial economic activities and participate in elections; Landlords shall not buy or sell farmers or interfere in their lives; Farmers can get a piece of land and a homestead by paying a certain ransom. Page P 152.

(4) Nature: top-down bourgeois reform.

(5) Positive effects and limitations: It provided necessary hired labor, domestic market, capital and relatively stable social environment for the development of Russian capitalism, and accelerated the historical process of Russian industrialization. However, this reform is not complete, and the remnants of serfdom exist in all fields of Russia. Page P 152.

II. Meiji Restoration P 153- 157

1, Reform in the Early Meiji Period:

(1) Content: Politics-abolishing feudal system and establishing counties, strengthening centralization and economy-actively introducing advanced western technology, equipment and management methods, and vigorously supporting the development of capitalist industries; Abolish the feudal lords' land system, allow land to be bought and sold freely, reform the military and police system, establish the arms industry, implement the conscription system, establish a new army and police system, learn western ideas, culture, science and technology, develop modern education, improve the national knowledge level and cultivate modern talents. P 156 page

(2) Nature: top-down bourgeois reform.

(3) Positive role: "Leave Asia and enter Europe" and embark on the road of developing capitalism; Get rid of the national crisis and become the only country in Asia that can maintain national independence.

(1) Limitations: A large number of feudal remnants were retained and they embarked on the road of foreign aggression. P 157 page