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terracotta warriors and horses of qin shihuang mausoleum
brief introduction
Construction time: about 246 BC (or 247 BC)
Construction site: Lintong District, Xi, Shaanxi Province.
The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum are the burial pits of the Emperor Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, who unified China for the first time in China's history. Located at the east of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum 1500m. The Terracotta Warriors Museum of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, built on the original site of the burial pit, is the largest ancient military museum in China.
It shows the prosperity and strength of the Daqin Empire. In 196 1 year, the State Council, People's Republic of China (PRC) designated the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor as a national key cultural relic protection unit. The first comprehensive archaeological investigation of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum began at 1962. Archaeologists drew the first layout of the cemetery. After investigation, the cemetery covers an area of 56.25 square kilometers, equivalent to nearly 78 Forbidden City, which caused a sensation in the archaeological community.
From 65438 to 0987, the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and the Terracotta Warriors Pit were approved by UNESCO to be included in the World Heritage List. 1September, 978, former French Prime Minister Jacques Chirac said with emotion: "There are seven wonders in the world, and the discovery of terracotta warriors and horses in Qin Dynasty can be said to be the eighth. You haven't really been to Egypt without seeing the pyramids; You haven't really been to China until you have seen the Terracotta Warriors.
As a result, the saying of "the eighth wonder of the world" spread like wildfire, but it should be noted that the seven wonders of the world are universally recognized, and there are various sayings about the eighth wonder, such as the Taj Mahal in India, which is usually regarded by westerners as the eighth wonder of the world, and the Great Wall of Wan Li in China.
1in March, 974, villagers in xiyang village, Lingdong, found a large pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum between Lisanxiahe Village and Wula Village in the east. After excavation by archaeologists, the treasure of Qin terracotta warriors and horses buried more than 2000 years ago was unearthed. 1975, the state decided to build a museum on the original site of the figurine pit.
1 97910 June1day, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of Qin Shihuang began to show to tourists at home and abroad. On the evening of June 3rd, 2009 1, the No.1 pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum was excavated again, and then the colorful Terracotta Warriors and Horses were unearthed in the middle of the northern part of No.1 pit.
geographical position
Qin Shihuang Mausoleum and Qin Shihuang Terracotta Warriors Museum are located in Lintong District, 35 kilometers east of Xi, Shaanxi Province. Qin Shihuang was the first multi-ethnic centralized emperor in the history of China. The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was built from 246 BC to 208 BC, and it is also the first royal cemetery in the history of China. In addition, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum all face the sea.
The size of terracotta warriors and horses
Among a large number of terracotta warriors and horses unearthed, the height of terracotta warriors and horses is generally about 1.8 meters, while the height of generals is 1.96 meters. Ma Tao is also about 1.7 meters high, and its size and height are not allowed for real people. After the Western Han Dynasty, the Ming (Ming) pottery figurines were all under the Qin figurines.
Arrangement method
The terracotta warriors and horses pit of Qin Shihuang sits west to east. The three pits are arranged in a zigzag pattern. The earliest discovery was the Terracotta Warriors Pit No.1, which was rectangular, 230 meters long from east to west, 62 meters wide from north to south and about 5 meters deep, with a total area of 14260 square meters. There are about 6,000 terracotta warriors and horses in it, with sloping doorways on all sides, and a terracotta warriors and horses pit on the left and right, which are now called Pit No.2 and Pit No.3. ..
The Terracotta Warriors Pit is the largest underground military museum in the world. Terracotta warriors and horses pits have reasonable layout and strange structure. At the bottom of the pit about 5 meters deep, an east-west bearing wall is set every 3 meters, and the terracotta warriors and horses are arranged in the holes between the walls.
Yihaokeng
Pit No.1 is the largest, with a depth of 5m and an area of14260m2. There are more than 6,000 statues of Ren Tao and Ma Tao in the pit, arranged in a neat and orderly circular square. At the eastern end of the pit, there are three rows of warrior figures with crossbows and long-range weapons.
It seems to be the vanguard, followed by the main force composed of 6,000 armored figurines, armed with long weapons such as spears and halberds, and arranged in 38 rows with 35 chariots in the passage hole of 1 1. Guards on the north and south wings.
More than 500 warrior figures, 6 chariots and 24 war horses, as well as bronze weapons and ironware such as bronze swords, Wu Gou, spears, arrows, crossbows and bronze halberds were unearthed in pit 1. At the eastern end of the pit, there are 2 10 terracotta warriors and horses, with the same height as human beings, different facial expressions, clothing styles and hairstyles, all lifelike, arranged in three rows, with 70 people in each row.
Among them, except for three team leaders wearing pin armour, the others are all dressed in brown shorts, legs tied, feet tied, helmets not worn, bows and arrows in hand, and crossbows in hand, which seems to be the vanguard troops waiting for departure. Later, it was the main force composed of 6,000 armored figurines, each with a spear, dagger, halberd and other long weapons about 3 meters in his hand.
There are 35 chariots, which are separated by 1 1 east-west tunnels and arranged in 38 rows. There are a row of warrior figures on the north and south sides and at both ends, which look like guards to prevent the side tail from being attacked.
This team is uniform, well-equipped, powerful and magnificent, which is the artistic representation of the mighty army of Qin Shihuang in previous dynasties and has a strong artistic appeal. On June 13, 2009, the No.1 pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum was excavated again, and later colored figurines were unearthed in the middle of the northern part of No.1 pit.
Erhaokeng
Pit No.2 is located in the northeast of Pit No.1 and the east of Pit No.3. It is square, 96 meters long from east to west and 84 meters wide from north to south, with a total area of about 6,000 square meters. The buildings in the pit are the same as those in the No.1 pit, but the arrangement is more complicated and the arms are more complete. It is the most spectacular military array in the three pits.
Pit 2 has an exhibition hall of 1.7 million square meters, which is the largest and most well-preserved exhibition hall of modern sites in China. Yuan, director of the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum, explained: "First of all, in order to better protect cultural relics, and secondly, it takes at least five to seven years to clear the entire army array from the ground.
The advantage of this is that tourists can not only visit the local features of the No.2 pit, but also see the excavation work of the No.2 pit with their own eyes. Pit No.2 Terracotta Warriors and Horses is a large military array with a flat surface and an area of 6,000 square meters. It consists of cavalry, infantry, crossbowmen and chariots.
It can be roughly divided into four relatively independent units: crossbowman phalanx, Xu cavalry phalanx, Chebu and cavalry phalanx, and cavalry phalanx. There are 1300 terracotta figures and horses, more than 80 chariots and a large number of metal weapons.
The first unit is located at the eastern end of the figurine pit, with 60 vertical crossbow figurines in the surrounding corridor, and the array center is composed of 160 crossbow figurines east of Badao Road. The crossbowman adopts the arrangement of stretching array in the array, and takes turns shooting when standing and kneeling to avoid the danger of slow tension.
The second unit, located on the right side of the pit, consists of 64 chariots (chariots are made of wood, leaving only relics). Each column is 8 times, so there are 8 columns. There are four horse-sized terracotta warriors and horses in front of the car. Behind each car, there are three soldiers and figures. In the middle is the charioteer Lamar, and the other two are standing on the left and right sides of the car, armed with long-handled weapons.
The third unit, located in the middle, consists of 19 chariots, 264 infantry figures and 8 knight figures in a rectangular array, which is divided into three columns. In front of each horse stood a small statue of a knight, holding the reins in one hand and the bow in the other. In addition to the three riders, there are 8~36 infantry figurines after each ride.
The fourth unit, located on the left side of the army array, consists of 108 knight figures and 180 pottery pommel horse figures arranged in 1 1 row to form a rectangular cavalry array. Among them, 1 and 3 are listed as 6 chariots. In front of each horse, there stands a knight figurine in Hufu, holding the horse in his right hand and holding a bow in his left hand.
Sanhaokeng
The third pit is located 25 meters west of the first pit, with a concave plane and an area of about 524 square meters. Together with Pit 1 and Pit 2, it seems to be the headquarters of the three armed forces, with 68 pottery figurines unearthed and 4 horses 1 vehicle. The third pit is 25 meters west of the first pit. There is a chariot in front of the door, in which there are 68 warriors. Judging from the layout of the No.3 pit, it seems to be the general headquarters, commanding the left, right and middle armies, but it was not built.
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