Shang Yang's political reform made Qin rich and strong.

difficulty

On the gains and losses of Shang Yang's political reform from two aspects.

Analysis and Suggestions on the Content of Teaching Materials

This lesson mainly introduces the death of Shang Yang, the Qin State of Qiang Bing, a rich country, and the historical limitations of the reform to students. Due to the counterattack of conservative forces, Shang Yang gave his life for the political reform, but "Shang Yang died, but Qin died." Shang Yang's political reform made A Qin a powerful country at that time, but it inevitably had some limitations. Because of the rich words and pictures in this period of history, it is suggested to supplement them in teaching, increase students' perceptual knowledge of this period of history and deeply understand the historical significance of Shang Yang's reform.

The introduction of this lesson consists of two parts: pictures and words. The picture shows the spectacular scene of the Terracotta Warriors sweeping through the six countries. The text emphasizes that when people affirm and praise Qin's great contribution to the unification of the six countries, they always trace the reason of Qin's reunification back to Shang Yang's political reform more than 100 years ago. These two parts aim to explain that Shang Yang's political reform laid the foundation for Qiang Bing, a country rich in Qin, and its future development. Teachers are advised to guide students to read and understand the introduction by asking questions based on pictures and words. Question 1: What historical information can you get from this picture? Question 2: By reading Li Bai's poems in the introduction, I feel the momentum of "Qin Wang sweeping Liuhe". What do you think laid the foundation for "Qin Wang swept Liuhe"? According to the students' answers, the teacher guides the students into this class.

The first item "the death of Shang Yang"

The textbook begins with the resistance, destruction and counterattack of the aristocratic conservative forces against the new law; After the death of Qin Xiaogong, King Huiwen of Qin acceded to the throne and ordered the arrest of Shang Yang. This paper introduces the causes and process of Shang Yang's death.

(1) Resistance and destruction of the new law by conservative forces

For the quiet Qin society, Shang Yang's political reform was no less than a huge political storm, which dealt a heavy blow to the privileges of hereditary nobles, and the high-ranking officials passed away like the wind. Shang Yang, who presided over the political reform, became a thorn in the royal family's side. The aristocratic conservative forces waited for an opportunity to create trouble and attack Shang Yang. They instigated the prince to deliberately violate the new law and criticized and attacked Shang Yang on various occasions. With the support of Qin Xiaogong, Shang Yang did not flinch and resolutely cracked down. The prince is the heir, so it is difficult to use punishment. So he severely punished the prince's teachers and some lawless nobles, suppressed more than 700 old nobles who destroyed the political reform along the Weihe River, and released another group of people who were dissatisfied with the political reform to remote areas. Since then, the authority of political reform has been established, and no one has openly confronted it.

(2) The death of Shang Yang

Shang Yang has made outstanding achievements in Qin for more than 20 years, but he has always been jealous and attacked by conservative forces, who are secretly waiting for a chance to fight back. Qin Xiaogong died in 338 BC, and the prince succeeded him. This is King Qin Huiwen. Qin Huiwen's cronies were punished by Shang Yang before, slandering King Huiwen: "If I am too powerful, my country will be in danger; if I am too close, my life will be in danger." Women and children in the state of Qin know the laws of Shang Jun, not to mention the royal laws. Shang Jun became a king instead, and the king became a courtier. " Falsely accused Shang Yang of rebellion. King Huiwen ordered the arrest of Shang Yang. Shang Yang fled when he heard the news. One day, he went to a hotel to stay. The shopkeeper said that according to the law promulgated by Shang Yang, you must show your identity, or you will be punished. Finally, he refused Shang Yang's request to stay. Shang Yang was cornered and forced to fight in the feudal city to protect himself. He was defeated and killed, and his body was transported back to Xianyang, the capital, for public display. In this way, a generation of heroes gave their lives for reform.

(3) "Although Shang Yang died, Qin died."

Although Shang Yang died, his new law was not abolished. Shang Yang's political reform has been going on for more than 20 years. He is conscientious and deeply rooted in people's hearts, and is well known to all women and children. Although Shang Yang personally ended up in a tragic fate, his reform measures such as "abandoning mining fields", "opening up wasteland" and "emphasizing agriculture and mulberry" were preserved after his death, and new production relations and political systems such as county establishment and tenth five-year household registration were also established in Qin State.

In teaching suggestions, students can be asked to discuss the following questions in groups: Why do conservative forces strongly resist and resist Shang Yang's political reform? How to resist and destroy the political reform? What is the direct cause of Shang Yang's death? Why do you say, "Although Shang Yang died, Qin lost his way"? On this basis, teachers and students summed up the reasons for the success of Shang Yang's political reform. After that, students can also write, direct and perform drama clips about "Shang Yang's death" according to the content of this project and other related knowledge, so as to deepen their understanding and understanding of this history.

The second item is "the State of Qin in Qiang Bing"

Shang Yang's political reform was an all-round reform of Qin's politics, economy, military affairs and ideology and culture. It was a political revolution led by the emerging landlord class and played an important role in the historical development of Qin and even China. The textbook expounds the historical role of Shang Yang's political reform from the aspects of economy, politics and military affairs.

(1) Economically, agricultural production has developed and its strength has increased.

Qin is located in Xirong, with a vast territory and a sparse population. Reclaiming wasteland is the characteristic of Qin's development of agricultural production, and Shang Yang took measures to reward reclamation. Reward agriculture and textiles; Attach importance to agriculture and restrain business. Then abandoned the mining field, opened up a new road, and fundamentally established the private ownership of land, all of which stimulated the workers' enthusiasm for production, brought vitality to Qin's agricultural production, and expanded the economic base of feudal countries, thus laying the foundation for establishing centralization, enhancing military strength, and realizing Qiang Bing's goals. When teaching, pay attention to explain to students the effect of the change of economic base on the change of superstructure.

(2) Politically: the beginning of centralized construction.

Shang Yang's reform attacked and disintegrated the old patriarchal clan system, made the functions of feudal countries more perfect, and the establishment of centralization began. It is suggested to guide students to recall the specific content of the reform and evaluate it jointly by teachers and students. Cancel the enfeoffment system and generally implement the county system. The county was formally established as a first-class local administrative organization. Through the county system, the state power and military power were gradually concentrated in the imperial court, and a powerful centralized feudal country was established. The household registration system and the method of sitting together strengthened feudal centralization.

(3) Militarily, Qin Jun's fighting capacity has been greatly improved.

In view of the frequent merger wars at that time, Shang Yang promulgated the system of twenty titles to reward agricultural labor. The promotion of rank is directly proportional to the enemy's head and the size of the meritorious military service. The implementation of this law greatly promoted Qin's meritorious service in killing the enemy. Private fighting is strictly prohibited, and those who fight privately will be severely punished according to the seriousness of the case, thus making the people brave in public fighting and afraid of private fighting, achieving the goal of Qiang Bing and greatly improving the fighting capacity of Qin Jun. Since then, Qin has taken the initiative in the war of annexation. For this information, students are advised to read history. Take this as the situation, let the students think, what is the reason why Qin Jun is brave and good at fighting? What great victories did Qin win in the annexation war during this period? What's the point? It is concluded that Shang Yang's political reform made Qin realize that the country is rich and the people are strong.

At the end of this project, please read the relevant knowledge of material playback and teaching materials, and summarize the influence of Shang Yang's reform on the historical development of Qin and even China. Shang Yang's political reform brought about earth-shaking changes in Qin State and became an advanced country at that time, which laid the foundation for Qin State to unify the whole country later. The reform promoted the social progress, economic prosperity and national strength of Qin State, and laid the foundation for Qiang Bing, a country rich in Qin State, and its future development. In a word, Shang Yang's political reform made the State of Qin take on a new look of "changing customs, enriching the people and making people happy", which had a far-reaching impact on the future development of China's history.

In teaching, pay attention to guiding students to discuss the historical role and significance of Shang Yang's reform by recalling the specific content of Shang Yang's reform. Students can also ask their own unclear questions after reading the content of this project, and teachers and students can complete the learning task of this project in the process of answering questions. On the situation of Qin Jun's combat, we can use video materials to reproduce the history of that time for students, focusing on Qin Jun's bravery and good fighting skills, so that students can realize that Shang Yang's political reform greatly improved Qin Jun's combat effectiveness.

The third item is "the historical limitations of political reform"

Shang Yang's political reform changed the social relations of production, promoted the development of productive forces and pushed forward the history, but it also inevitably had certain limitations. Teaching materials emphasize reform over education, and advocate heavy punishment for minor crimes, which to a certain extent aggravated the exploitation and oppression suffered by the broad masses of people, and never drew a clear line with the old system, old culture and old customs, and introduced the historical limitations of Shang Yang's reform.

(1) Reform despises enlightenment and advocates hell to pay for minor crimes.

The criminal law formulated by Shang Yang is very strict. If people violate the law and dump garbage on the roadside, their hands will be cut off. For example, people who steal cattle and horses will be sentenced to death. The law promoted by Shang Yang embodies the idea of severe punishment for minor crimes, forcing people to abide by the rules and achieving the goal of eliminating punishment from punishment. According to historical records, Shang Yang executed more than 700 people at a time by the Wei River, which made the Wei River red.

(2) Political reform has intensified the exploitation and oppression suffered by the broad masses of people to a certain extent.

The implementation of the "Left-wing League Law", the heavy punishment of misdemeanors, the collection of household taxes and heavy labor, and the "burning books to bury Confucianism" and other laws and regulations have laid a strict monitoring network throughout the country.

(3) The reform did not draw a clear line with the old system, old culture and old customs.

The 20-degree title system clearly stipulates that different numbers of farmland houses and slaves are occupied according to the title level, and the legality of slave possession is publicly recognized, and so on.

Shang Yang's severe punishment policy and cultural coercion also had a negative impact on the later Qin Dynasty.

When teaching, it is not necessary to carry out this purpose. Ask the students: What are the historical limitations of Shang Yang's political reform? Read this item and answer it.

Finally, please read the contents of the window of learning and thinking carefully, and discuss and answer questions in groups. The teacher will summarize Shang Yang's reform and give a realistic evaluation as a summary of the learning content of this lesson.

Third, teaching design and cases

1. Instructional design

On the teaching of "the death of Shang Yang". First of all, the teacher used dialogue to guide students to recall the background and content of Shang Yang's political reform. For example, under what historical background did Qin begin to reform? How did Shang Yang's political reform deprive nobles of their hereditary privileges and vested interests? Then enter this lesson. How did the aristocratic conservative forces resist and undermine the political reform? How is Shang Yang tit for tat? Please read the textbook and answer. Shang Yang's political reform touched the vested interests of the old aristocracy, and at the same time, Shang Yang's torture intensified the hatred of the old forces against Shang Yang. After Qin Xiaogong's death, Shang Yang lost his main barrier to survival, and the new law became an obstacle to his escape. Finally, he gave his life for the reform. Teachers can ask students: What spirit should we learn from Shang Yang? How should we learn from Shang Yang? Let the students express their opinions.

The title "Qin State in Qiang Bing is a Rich Country" shows the historical facts of Qin State after Shang Yang's political reform through material playback, two historical pictures and a historical perspective. We should make full use of these historical materials in teaching, so that students can think and analyze these materials and get historical information from them. For example, the data playback provided the information that Shang Yang abandoned the minefield, opened up a new road and rewarded the battle of farming, which enhanced the national strength of Qin State and made it an advanced country at that time. Students can tell the historical information provided by these two historical pictures. Teachers should point out in particular that the purpose of Qin's holding the monarch and generals is to strengthen the monarch's control over the army. Before studying history, students can play the audio-visual materials of Qin Jun's courageous deeds to reproduce the historical scene at that time. At the same time, ask the students: What is the reason why Qin Jun is brave and good at fighting? What's the historical role of Qin Jun's bravery? Then teachers and students summarize the historical role of Shang Yang's political reform and complete the teaching of this project.

For the purpose of "historical limitation of reform", teachers can put forward a series of questions in combination with the window of learning and thinking. For example, what are the historical limitations of Shang Yang's political reform? How to treat these historical limitations? How to treat the gains and losses of Shang Yang's political reform in two? Let students complete a complete and scientific understanding of Shang Yang's political reform when exploring these problems. This understanding can be used as a summary of this lesson.

2. Teaching cases

In case one, when learning the purpose of "Shang Yang's death", the teacher can summarize it like this:

The death of Shang Yang is a personal tragedy of Shang Yang and also a tragedy of reformers. The evaluation of a historical figure and event should be based on whether it conforms to the process of historical development.

Reform is tortuous and full of resistance, and it will meet with all kinds of old forces and old customs, and it will pay a heavy price. In order to succeed, we must persevere and overcome many obstacles.

Although Shang Yang passed away, he left precious spiritual wealth to our successors: reform is an important way to make the country prosperous and social progress. Only by conforming to the trend of the times and carrying out reforms can the country have a bright future. To realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, we must reform and keep pace with the times; If we want to succeed in the reform, we must have a strong sense of social responsibility like Shang Yang and be willing to devote ourselves to Yu Hui's reform. Only by following the historical trend and having the spirit of innovation and dedication can we realize our own value.

In case 2, when learning the project of "Qin State in Qiang Bing, a Rich Country", the following materials were displayed through physical projection or computer and slides:

Ten years have passed since Material One (Shang Yang's political reform), and the Qin people are full of joy. There are no thieves in the mountains, but enough at home. People brave public war, fear private struggle, and govern villages and towns.

-"Historical Records"

Material 2 and Qin Xiaogong used Shang Jun, abandoned minefields, opened buildings and rewarded them with emergency farmland. Although it was not an ancient road, it was still a business matter, so he turned to neighboring countries and became a male vassal.

-"Hanshu Shihuozhi"

Students read the materials, combine relevant knowledge, discuss in groups, and evaluate the historical role of Shang Yang's political reform.

Case 3 When introducing the historical limitations of the reform, teachers can introduce it like this:

I have here an evaluation of Shang Yang by Sima Qian. Please comment on it. He thought Shang Yang was cruel and ungrateful. After his appointment, he was unscrupulous and despicable, and was finally charged with treason. Sima Qian's view is wrong. The merits and demerits of a historical figure should not be judged by his personality talent, but by whether his behavior is conducive to social progress. However, Shang Yang's political reform is in the transitional period between old and new history, which inevitably has certain limitations.

Fourth, answer questions.

A window for learning and thinking.

What do you think of this?

The historical function and limitations of Shang Yang's political reform.

Three viewpoints over-criticize Shang Yang's political reform.

A: Qin Ershi died because of Qin's tyranny. Although Shang Yang's severe punishment policy and cultural pressure had a negative impact on the post-Qin Dynasty, we should also see the positive role of Shang Yang's reform: the reform promoted the social progress, economic prosperity and national strength of Qin State, and laid the foundation for the Qin State to enrich Qiang Bing and its future development.

A summary of research-based learning

(A) curriculum evaluation

1. On the historical role of Shang Yang's political reform.

The key to solve the problem: to lay the foundation for Qin Fu and unify the world.

Economic, political and military influence.

A: Economically, the private ownership of land was fundamentally established, which brought vitality to the agricultural production of Qin State. Politically, the function of the feudal state machine was improved and the construction of centralization began. Militarily, China's combat effectiveness was greatly improved, and Qin took the initiative in the war of annexation. In a word, the reform laid the foundation for Qiang Bing, a rich country in Qin, and later Qin unified the whole country. It played an important role in the historical development of Qin and even China.

2. How to treat the historical limitations of Shang Yang's political reform?

The key to solving the problem: historical limitations and class limitations.

The manifestation of historical limitations.

A: Shang Yang's political reform is in the transitional period between old and new history. The historical characteristics of the fierce struggle between old and new forces and the class nature of political reform inevitably make political reform have certain limitations. Reform despises enlightenment and advocates heavy punishment for misdemeanors. Political reform has intensified the exploitation and oppression suffered by the broad masses of the people to a certain extent. The reform has not completely drawn a clear line with the old system, culture and customs.