(China Geological Library)
Feng Jinglan is a famous geologist and educator in China and a pioneer of modern geological work in China. Feng Jinglan has done a lot of practical work on neotectonic movement, geomorphology, metallogenic control, metallogenic regularity and geological education in the basins of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yellow River and Heilongjiang, and has published unique and profound opinions in many aspects, which not only has the foundation and pioneering significance at that time, but also has important guiding significance today.
I. Feng Jinglan's Life
Feng Jinglan, 1898, was born in tanghe county, Henan province. I studied in the United States in my youth and returned to China on 1923. He has been engaged in geological science and geological education for a long time and has worked hard for more than 50 years. He is one of the pioneers of modern geology and geological education in China. Feng Jinglan has done a lot of basic work in modern mineral deposit science in China, especially in the geology of gold and copper deposits, which has been praised and respected by academic circles.
19 18 Feng Jinglan went to study in the United States at public expense and studied in colorado school of mines, USA. 192 1 graduated with the degree of mine geological engineer. In the same year, Feng Jinglan was admitted to the Graduate School of Columbia University to study mineral deposits, petrology and geographical literature, and obtained a master's degree of 1923. /kloc-returned to China in October, 1998, and embarked on a long road to join the motherland's geological education and mineral geological exploration.
1923 to 1927, Feng Jinglan is a lecturer, professor and head of the Department of Mineral Geology at Zhongzhou University. Combined with his teaching work, he studied the sand dunes along the Yellow River near Kaifeng. This is the beginning of the indissoluble bond between Feng Jinglan and the Yellow River harnessing and development. 1927 Feng Jinglan went to Heishanzhai Valley in Changping, Hebei Province to investigate gold geology. This is one of the earliest modern gold geological work in China.
1927 to 1929, Feng Jinglan served as the technical director of Guangdong-Guangxi Geological Survey (Guangzhou). Together with Joe Chu, Le Sen and others, he successively investigated the geology along the Guangzhou-Kowloon Railway (1927). They also made a comprehensive survey of the geology and minerals in northern Guangdong (1end of 927) and along the Guangzhou-Shaoguan section of the Guangdong-Han line (1929).
1929 to 1933, Feng Jinglan is a professor at Beiyang University, teaching mineralogy, petrology, mineral deposit science and general geology. At the same time, he was employed by Tsinghua University and taught part-time in Tsinghua University. During this period, Feng Jinglan inspected the geology and minerals along the Shenhai Railway, Long Xuan Iron Mine in Hebei Province and the geology of northern Shaanxi. At this time, Feng Jinglan not only devoted himself to domestic geological education and geological survey practice, but also paid attention to international geological trends, and introduced the main information to China as much as possible to improve the level of geological work. In addition to introducing the progress of foreign volcanology research, in order to promote the development of mineral resources in China, he also compiled the book Prospecting. After the book was published by the Commercial Press on 1933, it was reprinted many times and widely circulated. The book is comprehensive and concise, and introduces the advanced international experience at that time. It can be said that this book is the predecessor of current prospecting and exploration geology. In the same year, he also published the article Radioactivity and Geothermal Theory.
Since 1933, Feng Jinglan has been employed by Tsinghua University as a teacher of Geology Department, teaching mineral deposit science, mineralogy, petrology and other courses. During the summer vacation from 1933 to 1937, Mr. Feng investigated the geology, rocks and minerals in Pingquan, Hebei, Datong, Shanxi, Zhaoyuan, Shandong and Taishan. Feng Jinglan is one of the pioneers in geological research of Linglong gold deposit in Zhaoyuan. At this time, Feng Jinglan instructed Mr. Wang Zhi to study the geology of Taishan Mountain in Shandong Province, which was the earliest research work of Precambrian discipline in China.
During the Anti-Japanese War, Feng Jinglan moved with the school to find mineral resources for the Anti-Japanese War. 1937 in the early days of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Tsinghua University moved south to Changsha and then to Kunming. Feng Jinglan used to be a professor at Southwest United University, and 65438- 1945 concurrently served as Dean of Engineering College and Head of Mining Department of Yunnan University. During this period, Feng Jinglan was in charge of education administration, devoted himself to copper geology in Sichuan, Kang and Yunnan provinces, and supported the Anti-Japanese War.
At that time, there were a lot of field work, such as Yongsheng Copper Mine in Yunnan in the autumn of 1938, Yingjing Copper Mine in Xikang, Sichuan and Pengxian Copper Mine in 1939, Eastern Xikang and Western Sichuan Copper Mines in 1940, Dongchuan Copper Mine in Yunnan and Lunan Copper Mine in Yunnan. On the basis of the above work, 1942, Feng Jinglan completed the book "Overview of Sichuan-Kangdian Copper Mine". This book won an academic award from the then Ministry of Education. In the subsequent Supergene Enrichment of Copper Mines in Sichuan, Kang and Yunnan, Feng Jinglan discussed the phenomenon of supergene enrichment of copper mines in the above three provinces and its geological and geographical conditions. In addition, many other mineral geological surveys have been conducted in Feng Jinglan, including Tianbaoshan lead-zinc mine in Xikanghui 194 1, geological minerals in Baoshan, Changning, Shunning and Hua Meng in the western section of Yunnan-Myanmar Highway, Lunan County in Yunnan 1942, geology along Yunnan-Myanmar Railway 1944 and geology along Yunnan-Myanmar Railway.
Feng Jinglan has always been concerned about water resources and water system. 194 1 The author published Asymmetric Characteristics of China Water System, and discussed the asymmetric characteristics of Huaihe River, Weihe River, Haihe River, Liaohe River, Tarim River, Xijiang River and Yangtze River, and analyzed the reasons. 1946 published the Boundary Marker of Dali County, Yunnan Province. It is considered that there are phenomena of basin migration and flow change in this area, and the canal can be opened from Diantou by using the characteristics of the boundary marker, and excellent opinions on developing water conservancy and water resources are put forward.
1949 After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Feng Jinglan, who is over 500 years old, became more youthful and energetic. He actively participated in the construction of the motherland, taught in Tsinghua University and Beijing Institute of Geology successively, and was also ordered to run between the rivers and mountains of the motherland, engaged in mineral exploration and investigation and research of hydraulic resources.
195 1 In June, Feng Jinglan was appointed as a member of the steering committee of the geological work plan of China, and participated in the overall planning of the new China geological work. From 65438 to 0954, Feng Jinglan wrote The Characteristics and Problems of the Yellow River. That year, Feng Jinglan was hired as the head of the Geological Group of the Yellow River Planning Commission. In February of the same year, Feng Jinglan participated in compiling the geological part of the Technical Investigation Report on Comprehensive Utilization Planning of the Yellow River, especially pointing out that it is necessary to actively promote soil and water conservation in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River on a large scale.
1956, Feng Jinglan participated in 12 national scientific development plan. In the same year, he was elected as an activist in socialist construction and attended the national and Beijing advanced workers' congresses. From 65438 to 0957, Feng Jinglan was elected as a member (academician) and a first-class professor of Chinese Academy of Sciences, with many part-time jobs in society. These fame and positions are not his deliberate pursuit, but the affirmation of all his work achievements by the social and geological circles.
Feng Jinglan returned to China from 1923 to his death in 1976, and devoted 53 years to the geological cause of the motherland. He has made many contributions in the geology of Guangdong and Guangxi, Danxia topography, Chuankang copper mine, mineral resources in western Henan, railway (highway) route geology, gold mine geology and so on. A lot of practical work has also been carried out in the geology and geomorphology, neotectonic movement and engineering geology of the Yellow River and Heilongjiang River basins. These are role models for future generations.
Second, Feng Jinglan's exposition on Danxia landform.
1. The unique landform of "Danxia landform" was discovered, which was discussed in detail in 1928.
1927 ~ 1929 Feng Jinglan was the technical director of Guangdong-Guangxi Geological Survey Institute (Guangzhou) and conducted a field survey of geology and minerals in Guangdong and Guangxi with his colleagues. He is the author of Geology and Minerals in Renhua Nanxiong, Qujiang, Guangdong (Feng Jinglan and Zhu Yusheng), Geology along Guangdong and Han Dynasties (Feng Jinglan and Zhang Huiruo), Coalfield Geology in Luochengsimen, Heshan, Qianjiang, Guangxi (Feng Jinglan and Lesen), Geology in Northeast Guangxi (Feng Jinglan) and Overview of Geology and Mining in Guangdong and Guangxi (Feng Jinglan). This is the first modern geological survey conducted by China people themselves in Guangdong and Guangxi.
1in the winter of 927, Feng Jinglan and others investigated the topography, strata, structure and minerals in northern Guangdong, paying special attention to the extensive distribution of Tertiary red glutenite series in this area, which is the most complete in Danxia Mountain, Renhua County, so it was named "Danxia Layer". This layer is 300 ~ 500m thick and its occurrence is gentle. After weathering and denudation, cliffs and peaks are formed everywhere, forming a unique terrain, namely "Danxia Terrain".
Feng Jinglan and others studied this at that time, and made a detailed and incisive discussion on this landform (appearance), distribution and formation in the paper "Guangdong Qujiang Renhua Nanxiong Geology and Minerals" (Feng Jinglan and Joe Chu) published in 1928. Excerpts are as follows:
"The most recognizable feature of red rock series such as gravel, sandstone, shale and laterite is blood red, so it is named after the red rock series. Red rock series is located in this area, covering all kinds of rocks, widely distributed, south of Renhua, north of Qujiang, west of Keelung, east of Dajing, Nanxiong Plain, beside Zhenjiang Valley, and red rocks are everywhere.
Although the red rock series is characterized by color, there is little difference from top to bottom, but the thickness of its constituent materials is very different. In short, it can be divided into two parts: the lower part is mainly composed of conglomerate and red sandstone, with staggered bedding, with red shale and red clay one foot or several inches thick in the middle, and sandstone layers several minutes or even several feet thick in the middle, or gray sandstone layers. Due to the relationship between deposition and erosion, the thickness of the upper and lower parts varies from place to place. Near Danxia Mountain, almost all of them belong to the lower part of the red system, with a thickness of about 300 meters. The red rock series in the northwest of Nanxiong and Yangliyan in Cangshi are also 300 meters thick, and the red rock series in the lower part of Nanxiong City is the thinnest, but only a few tens of meters. The lower part of the red rock series is the most prosperous in Nanxiong basin, with a thickness of about 300 to 400 meters. However, due to the loose texture, it is easy to wash. After modern washing, its thickness is also different.
Named after a representative area, red clay and red shale with an upper thickness of about 300-400 meters can be called Nanxiong layer. Near Nanxiong, the most developed red conglomerate sandstone, with a lower thickness of about 300 meters, can be called Danxia layer, which is most developed in Danxia Mountain, 30 miles south of Renhua City. Danxia layer is inclined about 10 degree, 15 degree, which is inconsistent with the lower layer, depending on the rock it comes from. In a word, the gravels in the red conglomerate are mostly timely or siliceous round blocks, which are obviously eroded by Huanggangling or Meiling rocks. Where limestone outcrops, there are limestone blocks in the red conglomerate. Contact with granite, there are often granite and gravel blocks, which have become feldspathic sandstone. All kinds of gravels are often composed of red clay, so at first glance, they are all red. Sandstone particles are siliceous, with different thicknesses, often mixed with red clay. Sandstone is in contact with granite, and often mixed with kaolin feldspar particles. Obviously, granite is directly weathered and rarely doped with other substances. The cross bedding of sandstone is sometimes fine in texture, just like the name of Hongyan (at the foot of Danxia Mountain, about two miles away from Danxia Mountain Temple). In Jinyan Buddha Cave, there is a solid red mudstone sandstone protruding into a cracked pattern, embedded in the edge of alternating sandstone, just like lace under brocade curtains, and it seems to be the remains of filling materials in the cracks of the sun. However, the local people already think that it fell from the sky, which is amazing.
Nanxiong formation in the upper part of red rock series is mainly composed of blood-red clay (containing about 3% iron) and shale, with rare thin sandstone or calcareous sandstone and conglomerate. All strata are gently inclined, about 10 degrees to 15 degrees, and then integrated with the Danxia layer below, eroded, and each significant sub-class is more obvious in Nanxiong Plain. The red soil on the ground is weathered and broken, and becomes loose particles as big as millet. After the rain, it is as loose as sand, which is quite special. Moreover, in red soil, every time I see calcareous clay bedding with fine veins as thin as paper, especially in loose red soil, it seems to be formed by filling cracks in red soil with leached calcareous solution.
The position of this red rock series and its relationship with the lower rocks seem to be the latest product of Tertiary, and it is also considered that Nanxiong layer belongs to Tertiary before Danxia layer and should be in Post-Tertiary. Both Danxia layer and Nanxiong layer seem to be weathered and deposited in hot and humid climate, so the oxidation is strong, dark red, and it seems to be deposited in shallow water, so there are various solar gaps and alternating layer structures. Its constituent substances seem to come from nearby, and there is no long-distance migration, so the sorting effect is not significant, and it is often similar to adjacent substances. Danxia layer can represent the erosion and deposition during the initial uplift period of Paleogene mountains, so the material is coarse. Nanxiong layer can represent the gradual flattening erosion and deposition of the late tertiary (Paleogene) ground, so the material is better. Both of them seem to belong to continental deposits in basins or river valleys, so there are few fossils and the horizon of red rock series is quite complicated. At that time, the deposition situation was complicated, which can be imagined.
Red rock series is widely distributed in a province of Guangdong. The red clay in the suburb of Guangzhou seems to be equivalent to Nanxiong stratum in this area. The red conglomerate sandstone in Shixia Village of Guangjiu Road and Humen Mountain in the Pearl River Estuary seem to be equivalent to the Danxia layer in this area. "
In the "Topography" section of the same paper, the relationship between this landform and geological structure, the relationship between landform and rocks, and the causes of this landform are incisive and detailed. Excerpts are as follows:
"The relationship between topography and geological structure is quite remarkable in this area. At the end of Mesozoic or the beginning of Tertiary, due to the intrusion of granite and the uplift of Dayuling, a mountain range slightly inclined to the northeast, southwest and east-west, and at the same time, it seems that igneous rocks invaded to the south of Nanxiong, and the strata lifted, resulting in the red basin of Tertiary and the deposition in this red basin. Later, due to the uplift of the Nanxiong Red Basin in Danxia, the downstream rivers in the basin, that is, the downward erosion, were carved in the tertiary red rock strata, forming a wonderful canyon bordering thousands of feet. The victory of Danxia Jin Yan Abangshan Five Horses Cao Gui was thus formed, and the relationship between this big structure and topography was also formed. He, like the vertical valley in Meiling and the broken valley in Shaoguan, opened tunnels, which affected the terrain and people, and was not superficial. See the structure chapter for details.
The two strata in Huanggangling Meiling are sandstone shales which are interlaced with each other and easily eroded, so the hills formed are very flat and the slopes are inclined, often below 15 degrees. In contact with granite, it is strong and resistant to erosion due to contact metamorphism, and it can also form high cliffs and steep walls. However, it is only limited to local areas. There are no Huanggangling or Meiling rock formations in the vast areas, but there are peculiar landforms, such as red rock formations. Permian and Carboniferous limestone is not widely distributed in this area, and occasionally outcrops occur due to erosion or faults, such as scarab in the lower part of Meiling, Linglong Rock in the south of Shixing, Egongzui, etc., all of which are exquisite and ingenious. The terrain formed by red conglomerate is tall and firm, with neat edges and corners, standing on all sides and flat top. And its slope is inclined, mostly between 35 degrees and 55 degrees. Except for faults, scarps and steep walls are rarely formed by erosion. Invasive granite, because it contains a lot of porphyritic crystals, is easy to be weathered and broken, so the mountain shape is not very strange. However, due to its large volume and high uplift, it is very difficult to remove the overlying strata and has not been directly eroded for a long time, so it has become a rich mountain so far. On the boat in Mianshui, or in Nanxiong and Shixing Plain, look around, where the mountains are big and strong, high into the clouds and granite; Also attached to the side of the mountain, for its edge, water and rock also; Shuiyan Mountain with large volume and gentle slope belongs to Huanggangling System or Meiling System. It is also neatly arranged, the upper part is flat, and the four cliffs are red conglomerate layers; In the valley, in the plain, the hills are intermittent, and the slope is between the Huanggang Mountain and the Jingyan Mountain, and the Permian Carboniferous limestone is also; If we speculate on rocks under this terrain, we know the geology within dozens of miles like the back of our hand. "
To sum up, according to the commonly used terminology and the interpretation of the word "discovery" in Ci Hai, Feng Jinglan and others discovered the Danxia landform in 1927 ~ 1928. Their description of Danxia landform attracted the attention of geologists and began more research.
2. Further study and expression of "Danxia Stratum" and "Danxia Landform"
1939 In the Opinions on the Division of Red Rock Strata in Southeast China, Feng Jinglan discussed the Division of Red Rock Strata in Southeast China published by 1935, and further studied and expressed the "Danxia Strata" and "Danxia Terrain", which were named for the first time in this paper and used many times. The article says:
"... even without obvious paleontological or structural evidence, we can use rock properties, topographic features, upper and lower strata and distribution as the basis for field investigation. Therefore, when investigating Danxia Mountain and Nanxiong Basin in the Republic of China 16, the red rock strata in northern Guangdong were divided into Danxia layer and Nanxiong layer. Danxia stratum represents the stratum with conglomerate sandstone in the lower part of the red stratum, and Nanxiong stratum represents the stratum with shale and sandstone in the upper part of the red stratum. Although there are great differences in continental deposits, Danxia layer is not always without shale, and Nanxiong layer is also indispensable with conglomerate, but in the well-developed Danxia layer and Nanxiong layer, at least in northern Guangdong, it is absolutely different from the topography. "
"In the winter of the 16th year of the Republic of China, I entered Nanxiong Basin from the northwest, then crossed Dageng Ridge from the northeast of Nanxiong Basin to Jiangxi, then turned back to Nanxiong, and went out from the southwest corner of Nanxiong Basin to Shidian; During a few days of rest in Nanxiong, I once went to Nanxiong Nanshan. Therefore, all aspects of the northwest, southwest, northeast and south of Nanxiong Basin have been investigated. The relationship between basement conglomerate (Danxia layer) in contact with Paleozoic shale or granite and its loose shale sandstone layer (Nanxiong layer), × (the author of this word is unclear) oblique basin center (Nanxiong city) and its upper and lower levels is quite obvious. "
"The Danxia Basin I have seen is surrounded by Paleozoic limestone. In the real Danxia formation, there are many limestone conglomerates, and the cementing strength is self-improvement. It is located in the center of the basin with a small dip angle, and it is easy to be cut into cliffs like limestone with gentle dip angle in Guilin, Yangshuo or southern Shandong. The edge of Nanxiong basin is granite (southeast, south and northwest) and shale (northeast and southwest), which is not very cohesive, has no gravel, is not thick, and is not firm in texture. It is difficult to form a special Danxia landform ... That is, at the edge of Nanxiong basin, the thickness of Danxia conglomerate is different, and the degree of perfection of Danxia landform exposed is also different. In a word, the conglomerate layer in the northwest of Nanxiong Basin is thick, forming Danxia landform, followed by the northeast and southwest of Nanxiong Basin, with medium layer thickness and landform. Followed by the south and southeast, the layer thickness is the smallest, and the Danxia terrain development is also the most imperfect. "
"In short, Danxia terrain is one of the characteristics of Danxia layer ..."
"... Mazu Cliff is unique and has Danxia landform characteristics. It is also a conglomerate layer and coarse sandstone, which should be Feng Zhidan's chardonnay layer ... "
Third, the development of the research on Danxia landform.
1. Early research
1927 to 1929, Feng Jinglan is the technical director of Guangdong-Guangxi Geological Survey (Guangzhou). Together with Joe Chu and LeSen, he and his colleagues successively conducted geological surveys along the Guangzhou-Kowloon Railway (1927, the first modern geological survey conducted by China people in Guangdong and Guangxi) and Guangdong. They made a detailed investigation and study on the topography, strata, structure and minerals in northern Guangdong, and fully noticed that the tertiary (Paleogene) red gravel strata were widely distributed in this area. This layer is the most complete in Danxia Mountain in Renhua County, so it is named "Danxia Layer". Danxia layer is 300 ~ 500m thick and flat. After weathering and denudation, cliffs and peaks are formed everywhere, forming a unique terrain. 1928, when Feng Jinglan conducted a geological survey in Shaoguan, Guangdong Province, he discovered the red gravel stratum of Tertiary (Paleogene) which was widely distributed (65 million to1650,000 years ago), and it developed most completely in Danxia Mountain area in northern Guangdong. Due to long-term erosion by flowing water and wind, fortress-like peaks and clusters, as well as various strange rocks, have been formed. Feng Jinglan, who returned from Columbia University with a master's degree in geology, realized that this is a unique landscape and began to study it.
During the period of 1928, Feng Jinglan discovered the Tertiary (Paleogene) red gravel stratum (65 million ~1650,000 years ago) in Renhua County, northern Guangdong Province. In the Danxia mountain area, the rock layers with a thickness of 300 ~ 500 m are weathered by flowing water and wind, forming fortress-like peaks, various strange stones, stone bridges and caves. Feng Jinglan realized that this is a unique landscape, and named the red gravel stratum that formed Danxia landform as Danxia stratum.
The study of "Danxia landform" began with geological survey. Feng Jinglan and Joe Chu, the first generation geologists in China, conducted a geological survey in Qujiang, Renhua, Shixing and Nanxiong counties of Shaoguan City on 1928. In order to fill in the geological map, it is necessary to divide the strata, so a set of red clastic rock series exposed in Danxia Mountain area of Renhua is named "Danxia Layer" and its age is determined as Tertiary. "Danxia layer" was originally published as a geological term. Feng Jinglan vividly described the rock assemblage, geomorphological features, formation causes and distribution examples of Danxia Formation: "The relationship between topography and rocks is more obvious. The lower part of tertiary (Paleogene) red rocks is usually deep and hard massive sandstone and conglomerate. After erosion, the steep cliff is as straight as an artificial fortress, but I don't know if it was made in heaven. Cang Shi Village in Nanxiong, Yangliyan in Renhua, Jin Yan, Danxia Mountain, Rentoushi, Qianjin Village, Shutang Rock, Broken Rock, Guanyinyan, Bijiashan, Matouzhai, Guitou Mountain in Qujiang, Guabang Mountain, Sanfengji and Wumaguiguai are all eroded by this rock. The cliff is Cui Wei, the river is swift, and Chibi is four. Although Feng Jinglan did not put forward the terminology of Danxia landform, he made an incisive exposition on the characteristics of Danxia landform, which laid a solid foundation for putting forward Danxia landform.
At that time, Feng Jinglan was a professor of Guangdong-Guangxi Geological Survey in the Department of Geology of Sun Yat-sen University. The 1920s-1930s was the initial stage of modern geography in China, and a series of studies in Lingnan geography took the lead in opening the trend.
2. in-depth study
1928, when Feng Jinglan and others investigated the topography, strata, structure and minerals in northern Guangdong, they named the typical red sandstone formation in Danxia Mountain as "Danxia Formation" and dated it as Tertiary (Paleogene). This paper analyzes the fortress-like mountains and various landforms developed by Danxia layer under the long-term external forces such as erosion, weathering and gravity, and vividly describes this unique landform at the earliest. 1939 In the discussion article with Mr. Chen, Feng Jinglan began to use the taxonomic term "Danxia landform" many times. Feng Jinglan put forward the geological term "Danxia stratum" for the first time, which vividly described the rock assemblage, geomorphological characteristics and formation reasons of Danxia stratum, and laid a solid foundation for putting forward Danxia landform.
Danxia landform is mainly distributed in China, the western United States, Central Europe and Australia, among which China is the most widely distributed. So far, more than 780 Danxia landforms have been discovered in China, distributed in 26 provinces and regions. Danxia Mountain in the northeast of Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province is characterized by red Danxia and consists of red glutenite continental sedimentary rocks. It is named after the world's "Danxia landform", and the research on stratum, structure, landform, development and environmental evolution is the most detailed and in-depth in the Danxia landform area of the world.
In the 1920s and 1930s, China geologist Feng Jinglan put forward the "Danxia Formation" when he visited Danxia Mountain in northern Guangdong. Danxia landform is a special rock landform named by geologists in China, and its classical definition can be simply expressed as continental red bed landform with cliffs. China geologist Feng Jinglan named it "Danxia Layer" on 1928 with Danxia Mountain as the representative. 1954, "geomorphology" was renamed "geomorphology", so "Danxia landform" was called "Danxia landform" accordingly. The study of Danxia landform has a history of more than 80 years. Dozens of universities and research institutes in China have participated in the research in various related fields, forming a relatively complete research system of Danxia landform. In China, from tropical to temperate zone, from humid to arid zone, from coastal hilly plain to Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, there are red beds of Danxia, which have developed Danxia landforms of various causes, forming a unique natural geographical landscape and beautiful natural scenery.
Four. conclusion
1928 Nanxiong Geology and Mineral Resources in Shixing, Qujiang, Guangdong Province (Feng Jinglan, Zhu) named the red beds with unique landform characteristics in Nanxiong Danxia Mountain and other areas as "Danxia Layer". Although Danxia landform has no name, from Feng Jinglan's description of this landform and the study of its causes, it is clearly stated that their attributes are the finishing touch. 1939 was named Danxia landform. In the same year, Chen began to use the word "Danxia landform" in the article "Geology of Gongshui River Basin in Jiangxi Province", which was not discussed. Chen and Feng Jinglan are thousands of miles apart. It was very difficult to exchange documents at that time, but both of them used the geological term "Danxia landform" in their works. Feng Jinglan clearly pointed out: "The rocks formed by this landform are red beds in the lower tertiary, that is, deep and solid massive sandstone and conglomerate. Its terrain is characterized by steep cliffs, as straight as artificial fortress stacks ... Cui Wei and Chibi stood four times. " It is formed by flowing water erosion, with 15 cases, of which Danxia Mountain is the most wonderful. Chen used the word "Danxia landform" according to Feng Jinglan's description. It was pointed out in 1943 that 20m platform, 200m isoplanar and vertical joints have an important influence on the development of Danxia landform. In 1946 and 1948, Wu Shangshi and he further discussed the geology and topography of the red rock series in northern Guangdong. In recent years, Qin Huang has published a number of papers on the field investigation and further in-depth study of Danxia Mountain ... The investigation and study are deepening. The scope of investigation and research is also expanding. At present, more than 780 Danxia landforms have been found in 6 typical areas of 26 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). Danxia Mountain in Shaoguan, Guangdong Province is named after the world's "Danxia landform", and has been studied in the most detailed and in-depth aspects such as stratum, structure, landform development and environmental evolution. Similar landforms have been found in other countries in the world. Geoscience terminology has also been applied to international standards from the "Danxia landform" before the 1960s. "Chinese Danxia" has been listed as a world-famous natural heritage. The unique natural heritage of Danxia landform is bringing richness and beauty to more and more people in China and the world. This is the greatest comfort to Feng Jinglan and the people who have paid or are paying hard work and intelligence for it.
refer to
Liu Haolong. A brief account of Professor Feng Jinglan's life story [J]. Modern Geology, 1998 (4): 3 ~ 6
[2] I present treasures for the motherland: Album of Academicians of Land and Resources System [M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2009, 97 ~ 98.
Feng Jinglan, Zhu Xiangsheng. Guangdong Qujiang Renhua Shixing Nanxiong Geology and Mineral Resources [J]. Geological Annual Report of Guangdong Geological Survey,No. 1: 29 ~ 5 1.
[4] Feng Jinglan. Some views on the division of red beds in southeastern China [J]. Geological Review,1939 (3 ~ 4):173 ~192.
[5] Chen Anze. Discussion on some problems of Danxia landform [C]. See: Theory and Practice of Tourism Geology (Essays on Tourism Geology, No.11). Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 2005, 88 ~ 92.