I divided the history of China ceramics for nearly ten thousand years into five different periods: ignorance, germination, establishment, peak and unique show. \x0d\ x0d \ The most direct reason for the birth of China ceramics is the use of fire. About 1.7 million to 700,000 years ago, fire was used in the Yuanmou era, and the baked land or soil would harden, which inspired the primitive ancestors and discovered pottery. In the abstract of Morgan's Ancient Society, Marx believed that the invention of pottery "controlled the source of food to a certain extent and began to live a settled life". It is said that in the time of Emperor Yan and Shennong, people also invented pottery-making technology. "Zhou Shu" records: "God cultivates pottery." The invention of pottery has opened a new page for human beings to use, transform and confront nature, which is a technological revolution in the history of human social development. Although the raw materials of ancient pottery are rough, the shape is simple and the firing temperature is low, it is, after all, an attempt by human beings to make utensils through chemical changes, and its invention has greatly improved the quality of life of primitive ancestors. During the long development of China ceramics, the pottery manufacturing in this period was still in the period of ignorance. Although it is so colorful, it has always been in the primary stage of ignorance compared with the exquisite porcelain-making technology. Since the 1970s, a large number of early pottery remains have been discovered in China archaeology, such as the pottery pots in Xianrendong, Wannian County, Jiangxi Province in the early Neolithic period, the remaining gray pottery pieces in the Pinpi rock in Guilin, Guangxi, and the pottery pieces found at Nanzhuangtou site in xushui county, Hebei Province. In addition, there are magnetic mountain culture red pottery more than 8,000 years ago, Yangshao painted pottery more than 7,000 years ago, and Dawenkou black pottery more than 6,000 years ago. It is puzzling that the eggshell black pottery as thin as an egg hub in Longshan culture more than 4,000 years ago has not been copied so far. The ancestors used magical hands and the sacred fire between heaven and earth to burn black pottery, which once again strongly confirmed the evolution and inheritance of Chinese civilization. China's traditional culture emphasizes continuity and unity, but China's archaeology proves that each region often has its own unique tradition and cultural origin. \x0d\ I visited Hemudu Site, Banpo Site, Daxi Site, Yangshao Site, Majiayao Site, Longshan Site, Dawenkou Site, Liangzhu Site, Hongshan Site, Sanxingdui Site and Neolithic Cultural Remains in Tibet, Xinjiang and Qinghai successively, and made a lot of comparative identification. The invention of pottery was not the exclusive product of the ancient ancestors of a certain region or a certain tribe. Any ancient agricultural tribe and nation can be created in their own independent environment through long-term life practice. Pottery from 20,000 to 30,000 years ago has been found in Europe. These cultural relics I saw can be said to be indigenous cultures, not the so-called "Chinese civilization comes from the West", not the idea that China prehistoric culture only has Yangshao painted pottery culture and Longshan black pottery culture, nor the view that modern China historians are dominant that "Chinese civilization originated in the Central Plains and was humiliated afterwards". There is no possibility that "civilization comes from the West". Although it is known that the history of pottery making in Europe is earlier than that in China, it is almost impossible to spread from Europe. An Tesheng, a Swede who discovered Majiayao culture in those years, once advocated this view, but in his later years, he completely changed this view. China has a vast territory and its natural environment is very different. Mountains, rivers, forests, deserts, etc. Create obstacles. Different regions have different cultural characteristics, which leads to the pluralistic origin of Chinese civilization. However, in the process of continuous development, they learn from each other's strengths, integrate with each other, enrich their connotations, and finally gradually merge into the mainstream culture of Greater China, just like countless trickles eventually merge into the vast Yangtze River and Yellow River. \x0d\ The manufacture and use of pottery is the progress of human civilization. Compared with the porcelain invented later, it seems to be in a gestation period. People carefully appreciate the gray pottery, painted pottery, black pottery and white pottery in this period, draw wisdom from them, induce inspiration, stimulate pride and self-confidence, and gain great spiritual enjoyment. \x0d\x0d\ The budding period of China ceramics (about BC 1 3rd century-A.D.1century) \ x0d \ China ceramics finally germinated on promising leaves after a long gestation of ancient pottery. Around the Xia and Shang Dynasties, primitive porcelain originated in Jiangxi and Zhejiang. The "primitive celadon" in the middle and late Shang Dynasty is very decent. It may be the originator of China porcelain, belonging to the embryonic period of porcelain, which created important conditions for the invention of porcelain. Although primitive porcelain more than 4,000 years ago was found in Dongxiafeng site in Xia county, Shanxi province, this is only an accidental phenomenon and has no universal significance. \x0d\ When the fire of bronze smelting in Shang Dynasty flashed on the land of China, the brilliance of ceramic art was gradually dim. At this time, the original celadon was finally born, and it shone brilliantly in China. Porcelain production must meet the following conditions: 1, and porcelain clay must be kaolin; 2. Glaze color with glass texture; 3. The usual firing temperature is 1200 ~ 1300℃. Compared with pottery, porcelain has the advantages of hard texture, cleanliness and beauty, and the knocking sound is crisp and pleasant. While China's former countries cast exquisite large-scale ritual vessels to worship the invisible gods, the Vietnamese people used precious bronze casting tools, farm tools and weapons to face the reality in a down-to-earth manner, and worked hard to develop the economy pragmatically, taking the "agricultural war" as the top priority of national affairs. The Yue people built a dragon kiln according to the mountain situation, which increased the temperature of the kiln. A thin blue-yellow glaze was applied to the original porcelain by the method of mud lathing. The porcelain was blue-green because of the iron in the glaze, so it was named celadon. \x0d\ Last spring, when I visited the ancient kiln site in Jiangxi Province, Mr. Fan Changsheng, director of the Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, told me that the largest kiln site in Shang Dynasty was discovered in Jiao Shan, Tongjia Town, Yingtan City. According to the test data of experts on the original celadon, it is no different from modern porcelain. The site covers an area of more than 30,000 square meters, with 400 square meters exposed. Nearly 10 steamed bread kiln and dragon kiln have been found, and they have been unearthed completely. The most decorative patterns are Yun Leiwen, checkered patterns, veins and chords. When I visited Huzhou, Zhejiang, I saw the primitive celadon in the late Shang Dynasty, and I saw a lot of fragments of primitive celadon in Deqing during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. I was particularly impressed when I visited the junction of Xiaoshan, Zhuji and Shaoxing, where there were high-quality primitive celadon. The Spring and Autumn Period is like today's economic development zone: chimneys everywhere, workshops everywhere, and kilns everywhere. It was the center of handicraft pottery production and trade at that time, which won huge profits for the State of Yue and made financial preparations for the Vietnamese to finally defeat the State of Wu. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the original celadon was more standardized than before, with carefully selected tire mud, prepared glaze and improved drawing of the blank from manual wire rod to wheel system, and gradually beautified the decorative pattern of the vessel with reference to bronze technology. This proves that the Yangtze River basin and the southern region also had developed civilizations in the Shang Dynasty. \x0d\ The primitive celadon technology in Qin and Han Dynasties should be progressive in theory, but actually it is retrogressive. The unprecedented battle at the end of the Warring States period triggered social unrest, which led to the suspension or even interruption of the development of primitive celadon technology. The primitive porcelain in Qin and Han dynasties seems brand-new, and there is no direct inheritance relationship, so it can only be called "glazed pottery". However, the revival of primitive porcelain in Yue's hometown seems to indicate that the craft tradition and influence of primitive porcelain have not been completely cut off. Primitive porcelains in Qin and Han dynasties were usually pots, boxes, cans and clocks that imitated bronze ritual vessels, and bowls, bowls, plates and cups that prevailed in the Warring States period were rarely found. Decorative patterns mainly include chords, ripples and moires. Even the S pattern commonly used in the Warring States period was completely unnecessary. \x0d\ Due to the social stability and the rapid development of agriculture and handicrafts in the Han Dynasty, heavy burial prevailed among the people. Judging from the unearthed tombs, the artifacts still follow the old custom of imitating bronze ritual vessels and being buried with them. In the late Western Han Dynasty, a large number of daily necessities were burned, mainly plates, cans, bowls and ear cups. At the same time, houses, warehouses, pig pens, sheep houses, cattle, sheep, chickens and dogs and other utensils and porcelain carvings appeared. We can clearly see the whole process of the evolution of the Han Dynasty site in Longyao, Zhejiang Province from primitive porcelain to porcelain, and celadon finally evolved from bud to maturity with the progress of society, which is a historical necessity. \x0d\x0d\ During the establishment of China ceramics (about 2nd century A.D.-about 6th century A.D.) \ x0d \ Dragon kiln technology and its products, as the crystallization of ancient Yue people's wisdom, became more and more perfect in Zhejiang. After hundreds of years of turmoil and stagnation in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, the eastern part of Ningshao Plain, represented by the Xiaoxiantan kiln site in Shangyu, finally took the lead in firing mature porcelain, and porcelain completed the "official residence" in history. China is the hometown of ceramics, and "China" has entered the world and become synonymous with China. \x0d\ celadon unearthed from the kiln site of Xiaoxiantan in Shangyu County in the late Eastern Han Dynasty has fine texture, good light transmittance and low water absorption, and was fired at a high temperature of1260 ~1310℃. The surface of the device is glazed, and the combination of fetal glaze is quite firm; The glaze layer is transparent, shiny, beautiful and elegant. The Yue people took the lead in playing the prelude to the birth of mature porcelain, and finally realized the invention and creation of celadon. This important event, which affects the progress of human civilization, was completed in Zhejiang, which is the embodiment of the wisdom and creativity of the Vietnamese people and the great contribution of the Chinese nation to the world material civilization. \x0d\ Porcelain is more durable, clean and beautiful, and has lower cost than pottery; The raw materials are widely distributed and rich in reserves, which is easy to popularize and fire. Porcelain, a new thing, has mushroomed in China with tenacious vitality. Porcelain kilns were established in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangxi in the east and southeast coast, and in the two lakes and Sichuan in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River in the west to burn porcelain with local characteristics. There are many kiln systems in the south, such as Yue kiln, Ou kiln, Wuzhou kiln and Deqing kiln, which compete with each other and prosper unprecedentedly. Among them, Yue Kiln has the fastest development, the widest distribution of kiln sites, the highest quality of porcelain and more complete types of porcelain, and has become the leader in leading the trend of porcelain. \x0d\ Porcelain arrived in the Three Kingdoms, and the rulers of the State of Wu prevailed to bury it with celadon. For ordinary people, inexpensive funerary wares are nothing more than ceramics. It is conceivable that the wind of reburial can stimulate the porcelain industry and promote the improvement of celadon production skills. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the great leap forward period of porcelain production in China, and the word "porcelain" appeared for the first time in the history of China literature in the Jin Dynasty. "Golden porcelain" is not only numerous, but also more colorful. Celadon-making areas are also advancing from south to north, especially Zibo Kiln in northern Shandong Province, which produced high-quality celadon in the Northern Qi Dynasty. I have visited Zibo Kiln, where celadon is modeled and glazed after the southern Yue Kiln. Celadon dominated the whole country, and the firing area was further expanded, but at this time, a small amount of black glazed porcelain and white glazed porcelain were also found. During this period, social unrest, constant wars, ethnic integration and the introduction of Buddhist culture promoted the diversification of ceramic art styles. \x0d\ celadon, white porcelain and black porcelain appeared one after another, marking the completion of the establishment of China porcelain. The rapid development of handicrafts in northern China, especially the appearance of white porcelain, has opened up a broad road for the porcelain industry. Judging from the unearthed cultural relics, white porcelain first appeared in the Northern Qi Dynasty. At present, the earliest white porcelain found is the white porcelain of Fan Cui's tomb in the sixth year of Wuping in Northern Qi Dynasty (575). In the 4th year of Sui Dynasty (608), a batch of white porcelain was also unearthed in Li's tomb, which was white in embryo and glazed, among which the double-sided bottle with dragon handle and the white porcelain pot with dragon handle and chicken head were the most exquisite. With white porcelain, it is possible to have shadows, blue and white, and underglaze red, and it is possible to have multicolored porcelain such as fighting colors, multicolored colors and pastels. Black porcelain is produced in Deqing, Zhejiang. When I visited the site the year before last, I also found fragments of brown and black glazed porcelain from the Spring and Autumn Period. It can be seen that the appearance of black glaze porcelain also has a long gestation and development process. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, black porcelain was also fired in the north. A four-series cylinder with black glaze unearthed from Ang Cui's tomb in Northern Qi Dynasty in Pingshan County, Hebei Province, indicates that relatively mature black porcelain appeared in Northern Qi Dynasty. All these laid a solid foundation for the widespread appearance of famous kilns in the north of Tang and Song Dynasties, and also a prelude to the arrival of the peak period of porcelain industry in Tang and Song Dynasties.