Special topics on aggression and anti-aggression

First, the historical facts of the invasion of foreign powers and the struggle of the people of China.

Time aggression and struggle

Britain imported opium to China and destroyed opium in Humen.

1840- 1842 Lin zexu fought against Britain in Guangdong during the Opium War.

1894- 1895 Deng Shichang's Anti-Japanese War in the Yellow Sea;

1900- 190 1

19 19 boxer movement in Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China,

May Fourth Movement

193 1- 1945 September 18th Incident; July 7th Incident; Xi incident of Nanjing massacre; The Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC)

Second, the influence of foreign powers' invasion of China: A: Destructive (mainly): First, China's sovereignty was seriously damaged, and it gradually became a semi-colony of foreign powers, which brought profound disasters and pains. Second, China has gradually become the commodity market and raw material producing area of the great powers, which has seriously hindered the social and economic development of China.

The positive side (second): it objectively brought advanced science and technology, mode of production, ideology and culture, stimulated the emergence and development of capitalism in China, stimulated the Westernization Movement, the Revolution of 1911, the New Culture Movement and so on, and pushed China forward to modern society.

3. What was the main reason for China's defeat in modern times? A: The root cause: China's backward feudal system lost to the advanced capitalist system; Important reasons: weak national strength, corrupt and incompetent Qing government, backward weapons, weak combat effectiveness of the army, and some generals are afraid of death.

Four. History, Trend and Revolutionary Tasks of Modern China (1840- 1949)? A: Trends and tasks: anti-aggression, independence, autocracy and democracy. Realize modernization.

Verb (abbreviation of verb): the enlightenment of modern aggression history? Answer; If you fall behind, you will be beaten. First of all, you must be self-reliant. Don't forget the national humiliation and revitalize China! Take history as a mirror and face the future.

Vi. the modern history of China (1840- 1949) and the struggle to save the nation? A:

The time scale represents the historical results related to the scheme/road.

Wei Yuan, the landlord class, saved the country by technology: Learning from foreigners to control foreigners and Map of Sea Countries failed.

19'60- 19'90 westernization school saves the country through technology: a westernization movement of "learning from foreigners and constantly striving for self-improvement"

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the bourgeoisie Zhang Jian saved the country, and Sheng Da Cotton Mill was born.

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-the Revolution of 1911 (the old democratic revolution) in which Sun Yat-sen saved the country in the early 20th century.

19 15- Chen Duxiu's thought of saving the nation (scientific democracy) Westernization Movement

1905- 1909

Zhan Tianyou, a patriotic intellectual during the Anti-Japanese War.

Hou science and technology saves the country-Beijing-Zhangjiakou railway.

Alkaline Hou Shi system

19 19- 1949 the proletarian revolution in the Communist Party of China (CPC) succeeded.

Seven. Explanation/Revelation: The landlord class and the bourgeoisie could not save China; The capitalist road is impassable in China; Only China and the socialist road can save China.

Special topics on China's modernization.

First, the meaning of modernization: refers to economic modernization (industrialization and commercialization); Political modernization (democratization and legalization); Humanism, democratization and scientization of thought.

2. Two stages and two natures of China's modernization: 1840- 1949: capitalist modernization; After the founding of New China: Socialist Modernization

Third, the modernization of modern history (1840- 1949): it is divided into two stages (1840-19); 19 19 — 1949)

1840 ——1919 At this stage:

1, the course of modernization? Economically: Westernization Movement, the emergence and development of national capitalism; Politically: Xinhai Revolution; Ideologically; Yan Fu preached the theory of evolution, the thought of reform and reform, and the new culture movement.

2. What are the characteristics of modernization in modern history? Answer; First, economic industrialization, and then political democratization; Finally, the ideological research of western ideology and culture. From outside to inside, step by step.

3. The process of modernization in modern history is the process of learning from the West and saving the nation from extinction.

4. The characteristics of modern China's learning process from the West: first learn technology, then learn political system, and finally learn ideology and culture. Learn from the west, learn from Europe and America first, and then learn from Russia. Finally, starting from the national conditions, go your own way.

5. Manifestations and achievements of the modernization of Westernization Movement: 1. The introduction of machine production and the appearance of the first batch of modern industries objectively promoted the development of capitalism in China. Second, start military modernization. Third, the modernization of education has been started and new talents have been trained. Fourth, start the modernization of transportation and communication. In a word, the Westernization Movement was the beginning of China's modernization and promoted the process of China's modernization.

6. Overview: Relevant facts about the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism.

The cause of (1): The internal cause is the gradual disintegration of the natural economy. Stimulation of Westernization Movement; External cause: the stimulation of foreign companies (European style and beautiful rain)

(2) Social environment: being in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, deeply oppressed by imperialism and feudalism, with anti-imperialist and anti-feudal requirements;

(3) The tortuous and difficult development of national capitalism; In the westernization period; Rise; After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895: initial development (reasons for initial development: the export of foreign powers further disintegrated the natural economy; The Qing government relaxed the restrictions on private factories, and after the Sino-Japanese War, the ideological trend of "saving the country by industry" rose.

War period: the golden age (due to the promotion of the Revolution of 1911, the great powers were busy with the war and temporarily relaxed their patriotic ideas of invading China and saving the country through industry), and after World War I, they came to the end of their tether; After three major changes: towards a new life.

(4) The role of national capitalism: promoting China's economic industrialization and democratic politics, promoting China's ideological emancipation, and providing class (proletarian) conditions for the new-democratic revolution.

7, the performance and achievements of the modernization of the Revolution of 1911:

(1) Promoting political democratization: overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, ending the feudal monarchy, establishing the Republic of China, and promulgating the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, which has the constitutional nature of a bourgeois republic and has made the Democratic Republic deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. (2) Economically, it has promoted the development of national capitalism.

(3) The braid cutting order was issued, and the name was changed, so as to get rid of feudal bad habits and promote the modernization of living customs.

8. Performance and achievements of the modernization of the New Culture Movement: The New Culture Movement was an anti-feudal ideological emancipation movement in modern China. It criticizes feudal ethics, preaches democracy and science, urges people to break through the trap of feudal thought and explore new ways to save the country and the people.

9. Modernization of material life and customs: ships, trains, telegrams, photography, movies, changing clothes, braiding, renaming, etc.

10. The combined influence of the Westernization Movement, the Revolution of 1911 and the New Culture Movement has promoted the development of capitalism in China and the modernization of China.

1 1,1919 ——1949 stage: new democratic revolution. Results: The anti-imperialist and anti-feudal tasks were completed, People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, the country became independent, and the people were masters of their own affairs.

12, Enlightenment of China's modernization in modern history: ① In a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, neither the landlord class nor the bourgeoisie can complete the task of modernization, and it is not feasible to take the road of capitalist modernization. Only China can accomplish the task of anti-imperialism and feudalism and save China. (2) In the process of modernization, we should combine learning from the West with the concrete reality of China.

13. The reasons for the difficulties and twists in the modernization process of modern China are as follows: ① The fundamental reason: being in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, it was obstructed by imperialism and feudalism. ② Important reason: In the process of seeking modernization, we did not proceed from the national conditions, but copied the western model.

Note: Modernization is the only way for the development of all countries in the world since modern times. In the process of modernization, China and the West have taken different paths. Some scholars believe that the modern changes in the West are first ideological modernization, then institutional modernization, and finally economic industrialization. China, on the other hand, first industrialized its economy, then modernized its system, and finally modernized its spiritual level (ideology).

14. From the perspective of modernization, what impact did the Opium War, the Sino-Japanese War and Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China have on China?

A: The Opium War (1) naturally led to the disintegration of China, which involved China in the whirlpool of world capitalism and objectively created conditions for the emergence of capitalism in China. ② The Opium War brought China advanced technology and mode of production (modern industry), stimulated China's Westernization Movement and promoted the start of China's modernization.

Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China: ① China's further natural disintegration objectively created conditions for the development of capitalism in China. (2) The unprecedented national crisis in China stimulated the people of China to save themselves-the Revolution of 1911 objectively promoted the process of political democratization in China.

(d) Socialist modernization in modern history (1949, since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC)): 1978 was divided into two stages.

1. Political construction of socialist democracy and legalization: main historical facts and achievements: ① People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC), a real democratic republic, was established (achievement/significance: it marked the completion of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal tasks, became an independent sovereign country with the people as the masters of the country, and laid a political foundation for socialist modernization). (2) Three major transformations and the establishment of the basic socialist system. ③ Implement the system of regional ethnic autonomy. (4) Implementing one country, two systems and successfully recovering Hong Kong and Macao.

2. Economic socialist industrialization: The first five-year plan (results/significance: an independent industrial system was initially established, and a reasonable industrial layout was initially formed, which laid the foundation for socialist industrialization). The Great Leap Forward and the People's Commune Movement caused serious setbacks to socialist modernization.

3. 1978 After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, reform and opening up were implemented, and the household contract responsibility system was implemented in rural areas. Results: A socialist modernization road with China characteristics was explored. The national economy has developed rapidly, people's living standards have improved significantly, and their international status has greatly improved.

4. Reasons for the modernization of modern life customs: external factors: the introduction of western culture (for example, after the Opium War, western culture was introduced to China; Another example is that the reform, opening-up and globalization have brought western culture into China more widely. Internal causes: ① the promotion of political changes (such as the Revolution of 1911 and the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee); (2) economic development (for example, the rise of modern industry; Reform and opening up have promoted economic development); (3) Ideological emancipation (Xinhai Revolution, New Culture Movement, Reform and Opening-up, etc.). Promoted people's ideological emancipation)

Modernization or the enlightenment of modernization: national independence and people's liberation are the premise of modernization. To carry out modernization, we must carry out reform and opening up and proceed from the national conditions.

Special topics on important historical figures in modern China.

1, Sun Yat-sen's historical achievements: the significance of leading the Xinhai Revolution+Xinhai Revolution.

2. Mao Zedong's historical achievements: ① He led the new-democratic revolution to victory, founded Mao Zedong Thought, and explored a correct revolutionary road of encircling cities from rural areas and seizing political power by armed forces. +The significance of the new democratic revolution. (2) Establish People's Republic of China (PRC), establish the basic socialist system, lead the socialist construction in China, and lay the foundation of socialist industrialization.

3. Deng Xiaoping's historical achievement: he led China's reform and opening up, founded Deng Xiaoping Theory, and explored a socialist modernization road with China characteristics. Put forward "one country, two systems", successfully recovered Hong Kong and Macao, and made important contributions to the great cause of reunification.

History: Special training for important conferences since the founding of the Party.

1. First Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC): 192 1, Shanghai, announcing the establishment of the Communist Party of China (CPC); This is an epoch-making event, and China's revolution has taken on a new look.

2. The Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Background: When the Anti-Japanese War is about to win, the topic: What road will China take after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War? 1945, Yan' an, determined Mao Zedong Thought as the party's guiding ideology;

3. The First China People's Political Consultative Conference: 1949, 9. Prepare for the establishment of the new China.

4. The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee: 1978, Beijing → proposed to shift the focus of work to economic construction and implement reform and opening up; Marked by Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

4. The 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: 1997, Beijing → Deng Xiaoping Theory was established as the party's guiding ideology and written in party constitution;

Comparison between Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory

Using the problem-solving history of the founder of the ideological system.

Mao Zedong Thought's China Revolution (New Democratic Revolution), the first generation of the party's leading collective with Mao Zedong as the core;

Socialist transformation and construction have made the people of China stand up;

Establish a socialist system

What is socialism, the second generation of Deng Xiaoping Theory's collective leadership with Deng Xiaoping at the core?

How to build socialism and make China people rich;

Create the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics

Attention; What is the relationship between Marxism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory? A: Dong Ze Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory are the product of the combination of Marxism and China's practice. It is the inheritance and development of Marxism. Deng Xiaoping Theory is the inheritance and development of Mao Zedong Thought.

Ninth grade world history

Bourgeois revolution and reform

First, with the first industrial revolution as the boundary, the bourgeois revolution and reform can be divided into two stages:

1,17-1bourgeois revolution in the early 8th century: ① 1640- 1688 British bourgeois revolution ② 1775- 1783 American War of Independence ③/

2. Bourgeois Revolution and Reform in the 1960s and 1970s: ①1861-1865 American Civil War ② 186 1 Russia abolished serfdom reform ③ 1868 Meiji Restoration in Japan.

3.65438 bourgeois revolution at the end of the 20th century: 19 1 1 year, the Xinhai revolution in China.

Second, taking the capitalist road is the progressive trend of modern history. Due to different national conditions and background of the times, there are different ways:

1: Overthrow the feudal system through the bourgeois revolution and embark on the road of capitalist development. For example, the British bourgeois revolution from 1640 to 1688 and the French revolution from 1789.

2. Through the national liberation war, we overthrew colonial rule and embarked on the road of developing capitalism. For example, the American War of Independence went from 1775 to 1783.

3. Gradually abolish the old system through bourgeois reform and embark on the capitalist road. 1868 Meiji Restoration in Japan.

Special topics on western modernization

I. Knowledge structure diagram

Special topics on American history

1, Independent America-American War of Independence (Event Relationship: The War of Independence made the United States independent, cleared the obstacles for American capitalism, laid the political conditions for the expansion of the first industrial revolution to the United States, and consolidated the independence of the United States)

2. Maintaining the Civil War in the United States of America (event relationship:1The first industrial revolution spread to the United States in the first half of the ninth century, which promoted the development of capital and justice, aggravated the contradiction between the two economic systems, and led to the civil war; The civil war maintained national unity and abolished black slavery, thus providing political conditions for the second industrial revolution in the United States.

Note: the similarities between the two wars lie in the following: the fundamental reason is the same: the development of capitalist economy has been hindered; The nature is the same: they all belong to the bourgeois democratic revolution; The influence is the same: they all promote the development of capitalist economy.

3. Innovative America —— The Second Industrial Revolution and the Third Scientific and Technological Revolution and Roosevelt's New Deal.

(1) During the second industrial revolution (1the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century), the countries with the fastest industrial development surpassed Britain and France to become the number one economic power in the capitalist world. Major achievements: Edison and the Wright brothers. Foreign aggression: Eight-Nation Alliance participated in the war of aggression against China from 65438 to 0900.

(2) 1930s: Roosevelt's New Deal-initiated a new capitalist development model in which the state intervened in the economy, survived the economic crisis and maintained the capitalist system. (Event relationship: Because the second industrial revolution made the productive forces develop rapidly, capitalist countries were required to adjust the relations of production to suit the productive forces, so Roosevelt's New Deal adjusted the relations of production. Because Roosevelt's New Deal adjusted the relations of production, the United States survived the economic crisis and the American capitalist economy continued to develop.

(3) The third scientific and technological revolution: the invention of computer technology and the first establishment of computer network made the quasi-society enter the "network age" = information age.

4. Rich and powerful America-American economic development after World War II: After World War II-1970s: America was the first (economic giant). From 1970s to present: the United States, Western Europe and Japan have three pillars. The United States made many achievements in the third scientific and technological revolution and took the lead in entering the era of knowledge economy.

5. The overbearing America pursues the policy of dominating the world.

Specific measures to dominate the world: ① implement the "cold war" policy and compete with the Soviet Union for world hegemony (Truman Doctrine; Marshall plan; The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) launched two local wars (hot wars) in Asia: invading Korea and Vietnam;

Summary: Sino-US relations

Time event relationship

1900 the relationship between aggression and anti-aggression in Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China (the relationship between colonization and colonization)

During World War II, they jointly signed the United Nations Declaration, temporarily uniting against fascism.

1949- 197 1 year, there are no test sites hostile to China and confrontation between China and the United States.

Nixon 1972 visited China and signed the Sino-US Joint Communique, which began to normalize.

1978

1979 communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States

China and the United States formally established diplomatic relations and established normal diplomatic relations.

6, find out the main contents and significance of the three documents:

Declaration of independence (denial of British colonial rule), homestead law, emancipation of black slaves (denial of black slavery).

Find out the main activities and contributions of three historical figures: Washington, Lincoln and Roosevelt.

8. From the birth of the United States to the study of dominating the world, can we sum up the basic conditions for the United States to become a world power? What enlightenment can we get from it?

A: We must maintain national unity, constantly reform and innovate, attach importance to science and technology education and be good at seizing opportunities. ...

10, America's contribution to human civilization? A: ① The Declaration of Independence announced the birth of the United States, and also publicized democratic ideas such as freedom and equality, natural human rights, sovereignty in the people, and social contract theory, which contributed important spiritual wealth to human society. It promoted the European bourgeois anti-feudal revolution (French Revolution) and the Latin American independence movement. (2) created a capitalist republic. It provides reference for the system construction of other capitalist countries. (The establishment of the Republic of China after the Revolution of 1911 was to learn from the American Republican system. ) Roosevelt's New Deal initiated a new model of state intervention in the economy. (4) Many inventions in the industrial revolution have changed people's production and lifestyle, and promoted economic development and scientific and technological development.

Special review of French history

What are the test sites?

First, the relationship between French historical events: omitted

2. What is driving France to modern civilization (that is, French modernization)? What role did these forces play?

(1) Early colonial expansion, Enlightenment, French Revolution, Industrial Revolution.

① Colonial expansion: promoted the development of French capitalism; (2) The Enlightenment and the French Revolution: criticizing the feudal Catholic Church and autocratic rule, advocating ideas such as freedom, equality, human rights and the rule of law, and promoting ideological and cultural modernization. It also provided ideological conditions for the French Revolution and the establishment of the French capitalist Republican system, and promoted the French political system to modern civilization (that is, the modernization of the political system).

(3) French Revolution: overthrew the feudal autocracy and embarked on the road of capitalist development. (4) Industrial Revolution:1In the first half of the 9th century, France launched the first industrial revolution, making France an industrial country.

3. What contribution has France made to human society?

(1) Enlightenment: Liberated people's minds, spread ideas such as freedom, equality, human rights and the rule of law, created valuable spiritual wealth for mankind, provided ideological weapons for the French-American War of Independence and the French Revolution, provided theoretical conditions for the establishment of the capitalist system, provided ideological conditions for China's Xinhai Revolution and the New Culture Movement, and promoted China's modernization.

The bourgeois republic was established during the French Revolution, which provided a reference for other countries to establish republics.

(3) The Napoleonic Wars attacked the feudal forces in Europe and spread revolutionary ideas. The Napoleonic Code became the blueprint for the European and American bourgeoisie to formulate codes.

④ The establishment of1871Paris Commune was the first great attempt of the proletariat to establish political power. It provided valuable experience for the establishment of the international proletarian movement regime. In the meantime, Bertier created the international proletarian war song "The Internationale", which inspired the international proletarian revolutionary fighting spirit.

Fourth, in the second industrial revolution, the economic development was relatively slow. During this period, Eight-Nation Alliance participated in the war of aggression against China, forcing China to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty"

Five, to participate in the First World War, the Battle of Verdun (French modernization suffered setbacks)

6. In World War II, 1942 signed the United Nations Declaration, which made an important contribution to the victory of the world anti-fascist war.

VII. France after World War II (1945-up to now)-Cooperation for development.

1, initiated and joined the European coal and steel joint venture-the European Union after World War II.

2. Foreign policy: follow the United States: for example, join NATO.

Special topics on British history

Test sites: What are there?

Basic clues of British history:

First, the British bourgeois revolution and the establishment of constitutional monarchy-the establishment of bourgeois rule

1, political modernization: British bourgeois revolution and bill of rights, establishing a constitutional monarchy.

2. Scientific culture: Newton and the establishment of classical mechanical system.

Second, the British industrial revolution-the formation of world industrial monopoly.

1. Economy: Britain took the lead in carrying out and completing the industrial revolution. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, it was known as the "world factory" and soon became the world hegemon.

2. Aggression: Opium War

3. Scientifically: In the middle of the century, Darwin's On the Origin of Species established the theory of evolution and put forward the principles of living competition and natural selection.

Third, the second industrial revolution-Britain's economic development is relatively slow

1, industrial output has been overtaken by the United States and Germany, relegating to the third place. 2. Aggression: Take part in Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China and carve up China.

Fourth, after World War II: after joining the European Community-the European Union, its international status was reduced and it followed the United States.

1. Economy: Join the EC-EU and join the tide of economic regionalization and globalization.

2. Politics: status decline, follow the United States and join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 3. Sino-British relations: 1999 Hong Kong's return.

Verb (the abbreviation of verb) 1. What is the power that pushed Britain to modern civilization? What role did these forces play?

(1) Renaissance, early colonial expansion, bourgeois revolution and bill of rights, industrial revolution.

(2) Function: ① The Renaissance provided ideological and cultural conditions for the development of British capitalism.

(2) After the new sea route was opened, it embarked on the road of foreign colonial expansion and promoted the development of British capitalism;

(3) British bourgeois revolution: overthrowing feudal autocratic rule and embarking on the road of capitalist development provided conditions for taking the lead in industrial revolution.

④ Industrial Revolution: the largest industrial country and the world factory. ⑤ Newton's scientific achievements. Emancipate the mind and promote the development of modern science.

Six; What contribution has Britain made to human civilization?

Newton's scientific achievements. Emancipate the mind and promote the development of modern science.

(2) Darwin's theory of evolution: emancipating people's minds and prompting the law of natural development. Let biology become a science. It was introduced into China, which promoted the reform and political changes in modern China and saved the nation.

The British bourgeois revolution promoted the development of the European bourgeois revolution and opened the era of bourgeois revolution.

(4) The Bill of Rights establishes a constitutional monarchy, which provides a reference for other capitalist countries to establish a democratic system.

⑤ Industrial Revolution. Opened the "age of steam" and created industrial civilization.

Knowledge induction of three industrial revolutions

The first industrial revolution, the second industrial revolution and the third industrial revolution.

Time 18, 60- 19, 40' s, 19, 70' s and early 20' s began in 40' s and 50' s.

Symbolic inventions: the invention of improving the power of steam engines and using electronic computers.

Leading countries Britain, America and Germany developed capitalist countries.

Power energy steam engine (coal) engine (electricity), internal combustion engine (oil), atomic energy (nuclear energy) and solar energy.

The new industrial sectors include cotton textile, transportation and sports, electric power, steel industry, petrochemical industry, automobile manufacturing, aircraft manufacturing and other information industries, life industry, aerospace industry, electronics industry and nuclear industry.

Enter the era, age of steam, the electric power age, the information age.

Features ① With the invention and application of the steam engine, human beings entered the "age of steam". (2) The invention comes from practical experience, and the technology content is small. (3) first appeared in Britain and mainly in Britain (outshine others).

The revolution with electricity as the core has brought mankind into the "electrical age". (2) Technology and production are truly combined, with high technical content. (3) Almost at the same time in advanced countries (places) in Europe and America.

The revolution centered on computer and computer network technology has brought mankind into the information age. (2) science and technology are closely combined (that is, technology becomes the most important factor in production) (3) the speed of technology transforming into productive forces (commodities) is getting faster and faster.

Impact 1. Created great productivity; Promote the development of capitalism and consolidate the capitalist system.

2. The transformation of social relations: the formation of two opposing classes: the industrial bourgeoisie and the industrial proletariat;

3. Changed the world pattern. Capitalist rule has been consolidated and expanded, and colonial expansion has intensified, leading to the situation that the West is advanced and the East is backward (that is, the East is subordinate to the West). Britain became the hegemon.

Bottom line: It makes mankind enter "steam time" 1. It has created great productivity; Promote the development of capitalism and consolidate the capitalist system.

2. Transformation of social relations: monopoly has emerged and it has entered the stage of imperialism;

3 changed the world pattern: the world was divided by the great powers, and the colonial system was finally formed.

The United States has become the strongest industrial power.

In a word, it has brought mankind into the "electrical age" 1 and promoted the unprecedented development of social productive forces. ; Promote the development of capitalism and consolidate the capitalist system.

2. Changes in social relations; Significant changes have taken place in the economic structure (the proportion of primary and secondary industries has decreased, and the proportion of tertiary industry has increased. )

3. Reforming the world structure: promoting the trend of world political multipolarization and economic globalization.

In a word, it has brought mankind into the "information age"

Impact on China

1. Politics: The Opium War made China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

2. Economy: The disintegration of natural economy and the introduction of advanced technologies and modes of production stimulated the emergence and development of Westernization Movement and capitalism in China. Economic modernization has begun.

3. Thought: Inspire Chinese people to learn from the West (historical facts: Wei Yuan put forward "learning from foreigners to control foreigners")

4. Material life: modern means of transportation such as ships and trains (historical facts: ships are lucky, Tang and Xu railways) Politics: ① The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the Eight-Power War of aggression against China made China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. ② It brought a serious national crisis-the Revolution of 1911, which promoted China's political democratization.

Economy: ① The mode of economic aggression has changed from commodity export to capital export. Seriously hindered the national industry in China. (2) The further disintegration of the natural economy has stimulated the ideological trend of saving the country by China's industry, and made China's national industry develop initially.

Thought: Stimulate China to learn western political system and ideology and culture. (Historical facts: Yan Fu studied evolution and put forward the idea of reform and political reform, Sun Yat-sen studied western democratic republicanism and democratic republicanism, and the new culture kinematic western democratic scientific thought)

Material life: The emergence of economy such as telegraph and film: In order to conform to globalization, China joined WTO and APEC.

Scientific and technological achievements: two bombs and one satellite; Dongfanghong-1 satellite, indica hybrid rice;

Make the 863 plan catch up with the high-tech level: six gods and seven gods,

Special topics on reform history

I. Reforms that change the nature of society:

1. The transformation from slave society to feudal society: the Shang Yang reform in China (the reform of the ancient landlord class)

2. Reform of transition from feudal society to capitalist society: Meiji Restoration in Japan (capitalist reform in modern history)

3. Three major transformations: 1953- 1956: transforming private ownership of means of production into socialist public ownership.

Two, did not change the nature of society, only the original system of partial adjustment of the reform:

1, Westernization Movement: the landlord class's self-help movement.

2. Roosevelt's New Deal (bourgeois reform): In order to get rid of the economic crisis, the capitalist relations of production were partially adjusted.

2. Democratic reform in Japan after World War II.

3. Lenin's new economic policy (socialist reform): on the premise of maintaining socialist public ownership, develop the economy by developing commodity economy and capitalism.

4. China's reform (socialist reform) began with 1978.

Historical enlightenment of reform: ① Reform is an important driving force for social progress. (2) Systems and policies should adapt to the development of the times and change in time; (3) Reform should proceed from the national conditions and seek truth from facts.

Excuse me: Which reform made a country get rid of the national crisis and realize national independence? Meiji Restoration in Japan

We should establish several historical concepts:

1. Concept of ethnic equality: Although these countries have different power systems, all countries in the world are equal.

2. The concept of opening to the outside world: today's world is an organic whole with increasingly close ties, and no country can be isolated from the world and be immune to it. If China wants to develop, progress and become rich and strong, it must open to the outside world, strengthen exchanges and cooperation with other countries, and absorb and learn from all advanced things.

3. Global interest awareness. Any country has the responsibility and obligation to contribute to solving global problems such as terrorism and environmental pollution. Although national interests will remain inviolable for a long time, the existence of global interests and global order should also be paid enough attention. In order to safeguard global interests and global order, people need to give up narrow patriotism and jointly safeguard a better tomorrow for mankind.