China is one of the birthplaces of mankind. From 1.7 million years ago to 1 10,000 years ago, primitive humans who were separated from the animal kingdom lived in this vast land. When agriculture appeared at the end of fashion, primitive people lived by gathering, fishing and hunting. It is called the Paleolithic Age in history, which is equivalent to the legendary times in ancient China, such as "building a nest with wood", "drilling fire" and "fishing by renting" in Fu. However, with the increase of population and the intensification of gathering, fishing and hunting, human beings often face the threat of hunger. How to obtain a stable and reliable food source has become the driving force of agricultural origin.
65,438+0,000 to 4,000 years ago, which is known as the Neolithic Age, the ancestors who lived in this land founded agriculture. It is generally believed that gathering activities gave birth to primitive farming and hunting activities gave birth to primitive animal husbandry. The legend of Shennong in ancient China reflects the era of primitive agriculture.
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In the Neolithic Age, the primitive farming industry in China generally experienced three stages of development, namely, from 10000 to 8000 years ago, it was primitive knife farming or fire farming; From 8000 to 5000 years ago, it was the stage of primitive hoeing or ploughing; 5,000 to 4,000 years ago was the stage of developed hoeing. In terms of production tools, this period completed the evolution from "slash and burn" to developed hoeing; In terms of farming system, the change from year-by-year wasteland farming system to three to five-year continuous cropping rotation system has been completed, and the land utilization rate has been significantly improved compared with before. Crop varieties have increased to a certain extent, millet is common in dry farming in the north, and indica and japonica coexist in the south. Hemp and ramie have become the main raw materials for people's clothing, and gourd, cabbage, celery, broad bean, watermelon and melon are also planted. Due to the development of primitive agriculture, people began to live from vagrancy and seasonal camping to settlement in this period, and men gradually occupied the main position of agricultural production, thus realizing the transformation from matriarchal clan commune to paternal clan commune.
In primitive animal husbandry, after long-term captivity and domestication, the types of livestock have increased. Bones of domestic pigs, dogs and chickens have been unearthed in Cishan, Wu 'an, Hebei Province and Peiligang, Xinzheng, Henan Province, indicating that primitive animal husbandry existed in the Central Plains seven or eight thousand years ago. Later, the remains of cattle were unearthed from Yangshao cultural site. The remains of horses, goats and sheep were also found in Dawenkou and Longshan cultural sites. So far, the animal husbandry of horses, cattle, sheep, chickens, dogs and tapirs in northern China has begun to take shape. In southern China, the history of raising pigs can be traced back to 8000 to 10000. Bones of buffaloes and domestic dogs have also been unearthed in Hemudu site, Zhejiang Province, indicating that the southern animal husbandry with pig, dog and buffalo as its content was initially developed six or seven thousand years ago.
1926 Archaeologists in China discovered "a half-cut silk cocoon shell" in the Neolithic site in Yin Xi Village, Xia County, Shaanxi Province. 1958, a batch of silk fabrics were found at Qianshanyang site in Xing Wu, Zhejiang Province, indicating that sericulture and satin silk were started in China as early as five or six thousand years ago, and the textile technology has reached a considerable level.
Third, the stage of extensive agriculture
Five or six thousand years ago, the primitive agriculture in the Yellow River basin further developed, and the population in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River continued to multiply, gradually becoming the economic and cultural center of the Central Plains. Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties successively established a powerful country here. Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties belonged to the era of slavery, which lasted 1300 years. Agriculture in this period has made some progress according to primitive agriculture, but it is still in the stage of extensive agriculture.
Xia Dynasty was an era when primitive communes began to disintegrate and gradually moved towards slave society. Private property sprouted, and the land system changed from rural commune system to slave owner state ownership. The king owns all the land, which is divided into princes and princes, and finally cultivated by the "common people", that is, "the land under the world is the land of the king?" On the bank of the earth, is it not a king? "Due to the establishment of state rule and hierarchical management, it promoted the development of agricultural production in the system. There was an official position in charge of water conservancy irrigation in the Xia government agency. Organized slave labor provides essential manpower for the construction of water conservancy projects. Therefore, the large-scale river regulation, water diversion and ditch system construction in Xia Dynasty played a positive role in promoting the development of agricultural production at that time. The story of Dayu's flood control is a vivid portrayal of this period of history. The people of Xia Dynasty also initiated astronomical science, and according to their own farming experience and combined with the development of farming, they formulated almanac and calendar to guide and standardize agricultural production. At that time, grain brewing had been formed and became the forerunner of agricultural products processing. The invention of pottery provided an effective method for the treatment of cereal food and created basic conditions for metal smelting. Bronzes appeared in the late Xia Dynasty, which had an epoch-making impact on the later changes in agricultural production tools.
Shang Dynasty was the heyday of slavery, which lasted for more than 600 years, and it was the longest dynasty in China history. The social economy, science and culture of Shang Dynasty made great progress, agriculture became the main production department of society, and the production of farm tools was more elaborate than that of Xia Dynasty. In addition to wood, bones and stone tools, there were a few bronze farm tools in the late Shang Dynasty. The Shang dynasty also created the well field system, which was divided into 9 districts and 630 mu of land. 1 70 mu of land in the area is public land, and each of the other eight areas is given 1 block. With the help of eight households, public land is cultivated and private land is no longer paid tribute. This form of taxation undoubtedly has a positive role in promoting the liberation of slave productivity.
1 1 century BC, the Western Zhou Dynasty replaced the Shang Dynasty, and China entered a period of great transformation from a slave society to a feudal society. The Western Zhou Dynasty continued to implement the enfeoffment system, which promoted the flood of feudal household registration, the expansion of fields, the broadening of rich resources and the great progress of agricultural production.
The Western Zhou Dynasty inherited the ditch system of Xia Dynasty and the farmland system of Shang Dynasty, and implemented the well-river-ditch system. Both wooden farm tools and bronze farm tools have increased greatly. With the increase of population in the Central Plains, the types of crops are increasingly diversified. In addition to grain, beans and hemp, the cultivation of vegetables and fruits has developed rapidly. There are many kinds of vegetables, including straight roots, potatoes and taro, tender vegetables, onions and slippery lettuce. Deciduous fruit trees and deciduous evergreen fruit trees are mixed with more than 40 kinds of fruit trees.
In animal husbandry, the castration of horses was invented in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the treatment of livestock surgical diseases also accumulated preliminary experience. In forestry, the Western Zhou Dynasty paid attention to the combination of use and cultivation, set up special forest protection for "dangerous people", and stipulated the cutting age and cutting season of trees.
The national superstructure was quite complete in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Organizations at all levels have leaders, such as Lushi, Lu Xu, master, township doctor, township teacher and so on. Their routine work is to convey government orders to farmers in the village and organize farmers to engage in production activities.
Section II Formation and Development of Traditional Agriculture in Northern China
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China realized the evolution from slave society to feudal society in social system, and began the transformation from extensive agriculture to intensive agriculture in agricultural production. Since the main agricultural areas in China from the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were north of the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains, and more than 70% of the population in China lived in the Yellow River Basin, this section focuses on the formation and development of traditional agriculture in the northern region.
First, the foundation of intensive cultivation tradition
The most striking feature of agriculture in China is intensive cultivation, which is based on the small-scale peasant economic system and aims at improving the productivity of returning farmland. This feature began in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
After the Zhou dynasty moved eastward in 770 BC, the national strength became weaker and weaker, and there was no longer the power to control the vassal's enfeoffment, thus leading to the situation that great powers competed for hegemony. The disintegration of well-field system and the development of private ownership of land catalyzed the evolution of slavery to feudalism. During the Warring States period, the "Seven Heroes" constantly launched the merger war. In order to win the merger war, they carried out a series of reforms and changes. Politically, the system of slave owners and nobles was abolished or weakened, and the feudal landlord class gradually entered the political arena. In the land system, the long-term well-field system gradually died out, and the feudal landlord land ownership developed rapidly. In the labor system, the "tribute, assistance and sacrifice" of slave owners and nobles was abolished and replaced by a tax system of three points per mu. In the mode of operation, from "thousands of couples" to individual management. All these have greatly mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for production and promoted the development of agricultural economy.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China has entered the Iron Age, and the use of iron farm tools is more common. Matching with the iron plow, the use of cattle and horses in agriculture has realized the revolutionary change of agricultural power from human coupling farming to animal farming. The combination of iron plough and Niu Geng brought out the best in each other, which made a breakthrough in agricultural productivity in this period. Such as "Lu Chunqiu? 6? 1 "Going to the countryside" said: "One person rules it, ten people eat it, and six animals are among them. These advances created the necessary material conditions for the final establishment of the feudal system.
The application and popularization of ironware also provided an effective means for the construction and well irrigation of large-scale water conservancy projects, and some large-scale water conservancy projects came into being. For example, Shaobei, the earliest and largest pond water storage project in China, Zhangshui canal built by Wei, Dujiangyan, a comprehensive water control project built by Li Bing of Qin, and Zheng Guoqu, the longest artificial irrigation canal in ancient China, played an important role in the stable and high yield of agriculture at that time.
During this period, people learned more about soil and crops. The concept of "five grains" has been formed, and attention should be paid to agricultural production according to local conditions. People realize that "land can make fertilizer and thorns", and fertilizing crops can increase yield; Planting crops requires deep ploughing, mature ploughing (breaking ground) and easy ploughing (weeding) in order to obtain a good harvest. In the Warring States period, the technology of ridging with mu in Zhou Dynasty developed due to tillage, and the "planting mu method" was formed, that is, planting crops with ridges and furrows in high drought fields to prevent drought, and planting crops with ridges and greens in low temperature fields to prevent waterlogging. Due to the accumulation of these experiences, the farmland exchange system of the Western Zhou Dynasty was gradually abandoned, and continuous cropping was implemented on cultivated land, one crop a year. Some developed areas have also experimented with multiple cropping and two-year triple cropping, which has achieved major changes in the farming system.
During this period, the horticultural industry has also developed greatly. Although vegetables and fruit trees were planted a week ago, most of them exist as a supplement to agriculture. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the agricultural nursery had been divided. At that time, there were more than 20 kinds of fruit trees cultivated and more than 40 kinds of edible vegetables, of which more than 10 kinds were cultivated artificially. Therefore, an independent horticultural industry was initially established.
Animal husbandry has also developed considerably during this period. In the western nomadic areas, animal husbandry has gradually taken shape, and the number of livestock captured in the war is often tens of thousands or even 65,438+10,000. In the vast Central Plains, due to various needs such as war, ploughing, and fertilizer accumulation, six livestock are generally raised. The technology of judging the quality of livestock by its appearance has reached a considerable level. The famous horse expert Bole and cattle expert Ning Qi are all active in this era. In order to ensure the development of animal husbandry, the government has also set up specialized animal husbandry institutions and animal husbandry officials such as "cattle people", "sheep people" and "scholars", and has also formulated various animal husbandry laws and regulations. Bamboo slips unearthed in Yunmeng, Hubei Province are the earliest animal husbandry regulations in the world.
Due to the war and years of deforestation, the virgin forest has been seriously damaged, forcing the government to pay attention to forest protection and afforestation. At that time, there were forest officials such as Shan Yu and Lin Heng. It is forbidden to cut down trees indiscriminately, guard against mountain fires, and afforestation has been regarded as a long-term plan to benefit the country and the people.
Second, the formation of traditional agriculture in the north.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, China's agriculture developed further on the road starting from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the fine tradition of intensive cultivation was gradually formed.
After the Qin Dynasty destroyed the Six Kingdoms, it ended the feudal situation, unified the whole country in 22 1 BC, and established the first centralized feudal country in the history of China. The unification of currency and weights and measures, the unification of cars, tracks and characters throughout the country, large-scale immigration to northwest and Wuling, the construction of dikes and the dredging of rivers have had a far-reaching impact on social and economic development and scientific and technological progress. Qin and Han dynasties inherited the idea of taking agriculture as the foundation during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and pushed it to a new peak, and implemented a series of policies of taking agriculture as the foundation, such as paying taxes lightly, reclaiming farmland and consolidating borders, building water conservancy projects, rewarding farmland and persuading farmers to mulberry, which greatly promoted the development of agricultural production.
Because Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attached great importance to water conservancy, the construction of farmland water conservancy flourished in the Han Dynasty. Only Guanzhong, Shaanxi where Guo Du is located, has built water conservancy projects such as Liufuqu, Longshou Canal and Lingting Canal (Figure 9-2). Shanxi takes water from Fenhe River and Yellow River, Henan takes water from Runan and West Anhui, Shandong takes water from Dingze and Wenshui, and so on. After the well-canal method was introduced into Xinjiang, it gradually developed into a unique underground irrigation channel-Karejing, which solved the problems of channel collapse or sand leakage and large evaporation in arid areas. In addition, this period also created silting and alkali suppression, which became one of the important means to control saline-alkali land later.
Due to the rapid development of iron smelting industry and the improvement of iron smelting technology, the types and quality of iron farm tools have been greatly improved during this period, and the farm tools have been completely ironed. The invention of the plow wall makes the plow break the soil and loosen the soil, and at the same time, it increases the functions of turning the soil, stubble cleaning, pressing grass, ditching and ridging, and the farming efficiency is higher. Niu Geng was further popularized in Qin and Han Dynasties. When Zhao Guo, a captain of Su Su, carried out the "land replacement method" in Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province, he used the "two cows and three people" Niu Geng. The extensive application of iron plow and the vigorous promotion of Niu Geng were two important measures for agricultural development in Han Dynasty, which played a positive role in promoting the improvement of agricultural intensive cultivation level in China. In the Han Dynasty, China also invented the earliest drill in the world-the drill. It changes the original sowing into drilling, which integrates ditching, sowing and even fertilization, which not only greatly improves the labor efficiency, but also sows evenly and saves seeds. Qi Shu Yao Min called it "save more than half, get five in the valley". Chariots were introduced to Britain in the18th century, and after being improved by Tal, they became the beast-pulling drills prevailing in Europe at that time.
In the Qin and Han Dynasties, the ridge tillage method was further improved, and the soil's water and fertilizer conservation capacity was used economically and effectively, and a farming technology system combining tillage, harrowing, grinding, pressing and hoeing was gradually formed, which created the tradition of dry farming in Gu Duo with half the effort. Due to the popularity of winter wheat, the rotation and multiple cropping system was initially developed in the Han Dynasty. In fertilization, a series of fertilization techniques such as base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and topdressing have also been created. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the twenty-four solar terms and seventy-two climaxes were completely formed and widely used to guide agricultural production.
During this period, horticulture has also made great progress, with some large-scale orchards and vegetable gardens, and the cultivation management technology has also been significantly improved.
In animal husbandry, some progress has been made in animal husbandry, livestock breeding, livestock hybridization and heterosis utilization, and livestock feeding management. In Chinese veterinary medicine, progress has been made in pulse science and disease treatment, castration and materia medica, and some epidemic prevention systems have been formulated. Sericulture and sericulture technology continued to develop, and China's silk products and sericulture technology spread to West Asia through the "Silk Road".
During this period, artificial fish farming and artificial afforestation also developed further, and fishery and forestry gradually became independent production departments in agriculture.
In a word, the agricultural tradition of intensive cultivation in Qin and Han dynasties has basically taken shape in management thought, agricultural theory and technical system.
Third, the development of traditional agriculture in the north.
At the end of the 2nd century AD, the Yellow Scarf Uprising brought the Eastern Han Dynasty to the brink of collapse, and local rebels took advantage of the situation. From then on, China entered the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and was divided and combined. Frequent wars, political turmoil, population flight and wasteland of cultivated land have seriously damaged social economy. But objectively, the population migration caused by the war has also promoted the integration of all ethnic groups in various regions and the exchange of agricultural culture. In this historical process, more and more ethnic groups are gradually involved in the torrent of planting. With the joint efforts of the working people of all ethnic groups, Chinese traditional agriculture has withstood the test of history and further developed on the basis of the achievements of Qin and Han Dynasties.
The land system of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties is still the continuation of the feudal land ownership in Qin and Han Dynasties. However, during this period, the system of land reclamation developed greatly, such as the military and private enterprises in the Cao Wei period and the land reclamation in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Land ownership belongs to the state, whether military or civilian. Reclamation shall be carried out according to military organizations, and reclamation work shall be combined with military activities.
During this period, due to the separatist regime, the water conservancy industry was abandoned more and flourished less. However, the Southern Dynasties paid more attention to water conservancy construction, and Song, Qi, Liang and Chen successively repaired the Shaobei dike and irrigated the fields.
With the development and progress of iron and steel smelting and the processing industry, during the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the types of iron farm tools were greatly increased and their performance was greatly improved. There are more than 20 kinds of agriculture recorded in Qi Yao Min Shu, many of which were not recorded in Han Dynasty. Judging from the unearthed farm tools, these farm tools were softened by white iron.
During this period, the traditional agricultural theory was further developed. Records such as "paddy fields will grow old and grow easily" and "weeds are abundant and sparse" in continuous cropping show that people have realized the necessity of reasonable rotation at that time. Reasonable rotation is not only conducive to eliminating weeds, reducing the harm of pests and diseases, but also helpful to improve crop yield. During the Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, China has developed from using wild green manure crops to consciously planting green manure crops, and incorporated green manure crops into the rotation system, creating a green manure crop rotation system. Qi's Yao Min Shu describes the rotation and multiple cropping of grain, melons, sunflowers, onions and other crops with green manure, which is called "the method of fertile land". In order to obtain more and better varieties, a field institute was established during this period to cultivate improved varieties. Single planting and single harvest, careful management and prevention of mixing have made some progress compared with the "ear selection method" in Han Dynasty, which laid the foundation for traditional seed selection and improved seed breeding in China. According to Guang Zhi written by Guo in the Western Jin Dynasty, there are 1 1 varieties of millet and 13 varieties of rice. In the Book of Qi Yaomin, there are 86 kinds of millet and 24 kinds of rice.
In terms of plant protection, agricultural control has added new contents such as the cultivation of insect-resistant varieties of crops, crop rotation and disease prevention. The understanding of parasitic natural enemy insects was further deepened, and the experience of using predatory natural enemy insect yellow ant to control citrus pests was summarized, which opened a new chapter in biological control of "controlling insects with insects"
In horticulture, the varieties of fruit trees cultivated in the Yellow River valley in the north have not changed much compared with the Han Dynasty, while the varieties of fruit trees cultivated in the south have increased obviously, such as pomelo, loquat, common woman (also known as Eichhornia crassipes), whistle (also known as litchi), jujube, ancient trees and peach oak, and some large-scale orchards have appeared. The variety of cultivated vegetables has also increased from more than 20 in the Eastern Han Dynasty to more than 30. Vegetable cultivation techniques have developed methods such as keeping "mother-child melon" as seed, garlic "neutron" and promoting early germination of lotus seeds. The technology of storing fresh vegetables in cellar is further improved than that in Han Dynasty.
In animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, the horse industry has developed vigorously because of the strong demand for campaigns, post-transmission and agricultural and sideline production; The distant hybridization of domestic animals produced mules; There are complete sets of standards for equestrian events, and Xiang Niu and Xiang Pig have accumulated more experience. The castration of domestic animals and veterinary internal surgery have made some progress, especially the improvement of the castration method of pigs in the Northern Wei Dynasty, which significantly increased the meat yield.
During this period, silk production in China still accounted for a large proportion in agriculture. Dunhuang is a place for silk business transactions, and the silk industry in the south has developed more rapidly. At this time, people realized the phenomenon of parthenogenesis; Learned to control silkworm eggs with low temperature; Invented the method of curing, killing pupae and storing cocoons.
China has long recognized the use of bees and began to eat honey more than 3,000 years ago. Artificial rearing of bees was first seen in the literature of the Western Jin Dynasty. Zhang Hua's Natural History records the source of artificial beekeeping and the time and method of collecting honey.
During the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, fishing was still the main fishery production, but artificial fish farming had been tried. Pottery pots for raising fish were unearthed from tombs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The Book of Qi Yaomin also introduces the experience of getting rich by raising fish, including fish habits, the scale of fish ponds, stocking quantity, the ratio of male and female fish, and the depth of water storage in fish ponds.
Section III Formation and Development of Traditional Agriculture in Southern China
China's economic center of gravity has always been in the Yellow River Basin. In the 3rd century AD, the vast area south of the Yangtze River was still vast and sparsely populated, with backward culture, and agricultural production was basically an extensive management of "ploughing water". Despite the continuous development of the Han, Jin and Southern Dynasties, the economy was gradually huge, but compared with the northern part of the same period, it was still inferior. This situation did not change until the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties.
First, the rise of traditional agriculture in the South.
In the early Tang Dynasty, there was an unprecedented period of social and economic prosperity. However, after the middle Tang Dynasty, land annexation prevailed, the land equalization system collapsed, and social contradictions became increasingly prominent. The seven-year Anshi Rebellion seriously damaged the social production in the north. The south was not directly invaded by the war, and social production was relatively stable; However, a large number of northerners went south, bringing high-quality labor force and advanced agricultural technology to the Central Plains, which made the agriculture in South China develop rapidly and the economic center of China gradually moved south.
Before the Western Han Dynasty, most irrigation projects in China were in the north, and after the Eastern Han Dynasty, they began to advance to the south. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the north was in a state of destruction and stagnation, while the south developed further. Before the middle Tang Dynasty, there were only 23 irrigation projects, 3 flood control and drainage projects and 3 traffic projects in the south. After the middle Tang Dynasty, there were 938 irrigation projects, 7 flood control and drainage projects and 8 traffic projects. Water conservancy construction has greatly promoted the development of agriculture in the south of the Yangtze River, and the south of the Yangtze River has become increasingly prosperous, forming a situation of "unique, Jiangnan occupies the 19th place".
In terms of farm tools, the invention of curved plough and trolley marks the development of paddy field farming technology in southern China to a new stage. Qu Yuan Plough, also known as Jiangdong Plough, has increased plow evaluation, adjustable depth, discontinuous plow wall and share surface, and can play the role of breaking and turning the soil. China's plow was basically formed. The emergence of curved plows and the popularization of rakes have promoted the development of farming technology. After long-term practice, a paddy field cultivation technology system combining tillage, harrow, tillage, plough and tillage has gradually formed. During this period, with the development of winter planting in rice fields, a double cropping system was initially formed in the south.
In gardening, China introduced many varieties of fruit trees and vegetables from abroad during this period; New progress has been made in grafting theory and technology; The preservation and storage technology of wax-sealed fruit pedicle was pioneered; The artificial cultivation of edible fungi began; Tea production and tea cultivation techniques have worldwide influence.
In animal husbandry, animal husbandry has been further developed; Established the system of horse registration and horse seal; Introduced foreign excellent livestock breeds such as Dawanma, Kangju and Persian Horse. In the field of veterinary medicine, the earliest veterinary education institution in the world has been established, and Taibu Temple alone has more than 600 full-time veterinarians. Progress has been made in anatomy, acupuncture, viscera theory and veterinary surgery.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, sericulture in China was quite developed, and the production center moved south from the Yellow River basin.
Second, the development of traditional agriculture in the South.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the national economic center of gravity moved further south. Taihu Lake area in the southeast has become the lifeblood of the national economy, and the level of agricultural production far exceeds that in the north. In the late Tang Dynasty, the highest annual income from Nanliang to North China was only 3 million stones, while in the Northern Song Dynasty it was more than 7 million stones.
Sustainable development of farmland water conservancy construction in southern China. At the peak of population in Song Dynasty, the population of China was about 1 100 million. Due to the shortage of cultivated land, there has been a phenomenon of competing for land with mountains and water, which has led to the rapid development of terraced fields and polder fields. There are 400,000 mu of Wanchun Wei in Wuhu and 800,000 mu of Luoguan Wei in Jiangdong.
The development of farm tools in Song and Yuan Dynasties was unprecedented. This is mainly manifested in the emergence of a large number of new farm tools and the various characteristics of farm tools. It can be said that by this time, traditional farm tools have been basically complete and tend to be stereotyped.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the multiple cropping system developed rapidly, the planting area of double-cropping rice expanded, and three-cropping rice appeared in some areas. The internal production structure of agriculture has also undergone new changes, and the planting scope of major crops has expanded. The development of wheat in South China is advancing by leaps and bounds, and there is a tendency that "Huaibei" will become the main winter planting in rice fields. Due to the increasing demand for soybeans, soybean cultivation has become more and more common, so that Wang Zhen's agricultural works call it "the valley to save the world". The development of cotton is outstanding. During the Northern Song Dynasty, cotton planting in China was limited to Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, and African cotton was also planted in Xinjiang and Shaanxi. However, at the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, cotton in China had been extended to the Jianghuai Valley. Because planting cotton is better than sericulture, "there is no need for labor adoption, which has certain effect"; Compared with the cultivation of cannabis, "you can get the benefit of keeping out the cold without merit", which is deeply loved by people and the planting scope is constantly expanding.
During this period, the theory and technology of soil fertilizer also made some breakthroughs, and the theory of "soil fertility is always new" was founded. The source of fertilizer has been further expanded, the way of fertilizer accumulation has been continuously improved, and the fertilization technology has been significantly improved.
In horticulture, citrus, tangerine, banana, litchi and longan, which were mainly planted in Lingnan, moved to Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Jiangsu during the Song and Yuan Dynasties, expanding the planting area.
Animal husbandry in Northern Han Dynasty in Song Dynasty was far worse than that in Han and Tang Dynasties, but it developed in Yuan Dynasty. Southern animal husbandry raises cattle, sheep, pigs and chickens, with the most pigs and chickens. During this period, the excellent variety "Populus euphratica" was successfully cultivated, and the freshwater fish breeding industry also developed rapidly.
. . . . 1000 words really can't be summed up.