During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the country constantly played political and military games to achieve strategic goals, thus establishing its status as an ally of great powers. Countries are also subject to different ruling needs or crises to implement national policy reforms. Among them, Guan Zhong's reform, Li Kui's reform, Wuqi's reform and, of course, Shang Yang's reform, which established the process of Qin unification, are well known. Why was Shang Yang the most successful of the four major reforms in the pre-Qin period? This made Qin a powerful country in Sichuan and Yunnan for several years. Personally speaking, Shang Yang's reform is to absorb the essence of previous reforms and dig deep into the relationship between the economic base of reform and superstructure. The core of Shang Yang's political reform is the reform, perfection and development supplemented by the national conditions. So are other reforms a complete failure? Guan zhong reform vs Shang yang reform Guan zhong reform is an early reform in slave countries, and its direct purpose is to alleviate the financial crisis of qi state. This is also a political reform from the upper class (the upper class ruler) to the lower class (the lower class civilians). Guan Zhong formally implemented the reform, first of all, he should ease the original intention of the reform, focus on the tax system, appropriately reduce other taxes, and improve the people's work enthusiasm. On the contrary, he will produce more food for his country, thus gaining financial revenue. It has also improved people's living conditions and raised the fertility level of the population. We should know that in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, when wars were frequent, having a strong reserve army was a powerful tool for external expansion and internal rule. In order to develop salt industry and maritime commerce, Guan Zhong reformed Qi, which was originally adjacent to the sea. Guan Zhong, who defended the interests of the slave owners, first put forward the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce", and advocated taking agriculture as the foundation and commerce as the end. In fact, the reform carried out by Guan Zhong is a very unfair suppression of businessmen, and in essence it advocates taking agriculture as the foundation. Because the slave class in Qi is still solidified, Guan Zhong also wants to improve the connection between the lower nobility and the upper nobility. The grain "quasi-leveling" policy has limited the gap between the rich and the poor to some extent. In order to ensure the reform results, Guan Zhong personally appointed officials to control the reform situation, which also provided a talent base for Shang Yang's reform to implement the county system. The geographical environment of Qi State-Guanzhong Reform is a great attempt to transition from slavery to feudalism. Its economic policy of "declining everywhere" directly promoted the rise and development of yeomen, which is called small-scale peasant economy. But Guan Zhong's reform is only an institutional innovation to deal with the ruling crisis. Its essence is patriarchal clan system and slavery, but it is the purpose of vassal States to seek wealth. Guan Zhong himself is a slave owner class, so he is naturally conservative about the general interests of slave owners and has not been abolished fundamentally. Shang Yang's political reform was a complete suppression of slavery. The reform of Wei led by Li Kui vs Shang Yang focused on economy and military affairs. However, there is only one important policy-legal classics, which really provides a strong legal basis for Shang Yang's political reform. Li Kui knows very well that it cannot fail to become a country. With written, perfect and rigid legal provisions, the national operation mechanism will be more efficient. Li Kui immediately abolished the hereditary title system of slave owners in Wei, but it laid a sad foreshadowing for his reform career. Li Kui employs people based on their talents, and implements the concept of "being talented means being virtuous, and being without virtue means being eliminated"! The purpose of Li Kui's political reform in Li Kui is similar to that of Shang Yang's political reform. They all hope to make the country rich and strong in a short time by the wind of reform. Li Kui's political reform was actually an experimental reform of Shang Yang's political reform. Li Kui has perfected the reform measures and tried to strengthen the state power from the economic, military and political aspects. But by then, conservatives already hated Li Kui. The revised Law Classics greatly enhanced Wei's strength and initiated the legal system in China. Shang Yang's political reform was supported by many people in the early stage because it represented the interests of the big landlord class. Li Kui was dissatisfied with the landlord class, and his political reform was not thorough. However, with the support of Shang Yang, he completed the reform that had a far-reaching impact on Qin in 19. After the geographical environment of Wei supported the demise of the ruler, it suffered a series of blows, and most of the reform measures were abolished. Wuqi Reform vs Shangyang Reform Wuqi's reform was only supported by the sorrowful king of Chu. The ruler died, and the reformers and many reform measures were abolished. The reform of Wuqi attacked the old system, promoted the centralization of Chu, and established an elite army similar to Wei Wuzu in military system. Wuqi's reform is also to alleviate the unstable ruling crisis in China, just to rectify the situation, and Wuqi's reform is eager for success, which leads to the rapid reform, the lower class can not effectively implement it, and also leads to the hatred of the aristocratic class for Wuqi's reform, thus isolating Wuqi. Historical evaluation of Wuqi political reform: Wuqi political reform was a great progress in the slave society, and Shang Yang political reform was a great revolution in the slave society, which prompted China to enter the feudal era. Standing on the shoulders of their predecessors, they followed the three reform precedents of Guanzhong Reform, Li Kui Reform and Wuqi Reform, that is, they followed the improvement measures aimed at the disadvantages inside and outside the rule under the old system. Guan Zhong's reform provides a general framework for Shang Yang's reform, and the focus of Guan Zhong's reform is comprehensive. "Establishing the country by dividing fields" provides an opportunity for Shang Yang to implement the county system! He still followed Guan Zhong's policy of restraining business, and Shang Yang carried out the most cruel economic regulation and control policy on business, prohibiting all commodity transactions. This will lead to a single mode and level of national economic development. Shang Yang's political reform in the army is by no means a tool for a generation of monarchs to realize their political ambitions. Its essence is to provide a guide for the sustainable development of Qin State. It is not a temporary illness of reform, but a detailed study of the future situation! The National Law based on Li Kui's political reform strengthened the policy of governing the country according to law in Shang Yang's political reform. The system of "joining an official and becoming a knight" promoted the timeliness of local reform, expanded the ruling foundation and strengthened the central government's control over local governments. Its essence also safeguarded the legal majesty of Qin State, which was bound to be highly valued and supported by the rulers! Shang Yang, an army of Qin State, absorbed the positive military factors in the "Wuqi Reform" and implemented the policy of rewarding military exploits and encouraging soldiers to kill the enemy and make contributions. According to this, Shang Yang formulated the system of "Twenty Ranks" suitable for Qin State, which was a fast channel for the poor to flood into the gentry. Shang Yang is carrying out a comprehensive reform of the pain points of the Qin system! As we all know, every reform in history is very difficult, but it has greatly improved the original backward system and promoted the rapid development of regional civilization. Li Kui's political reform only reversed the situation of weak countries in a short time, but its overall situation has not been thoroughly reformed. Even Shang Yang, who promoted the transition from slavery to feudalism, was killed by King Qin Huiwen. However, Shang Yang's political reform was different from other countries, which lasted for a long time and the policy had already been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Seeing that its reform was extremely beneficial to centralization, the military rulers of Qin decided to continue to use the system left over from the reform. Therefore, the influence of other political reforms only lasted for more than ten years, while Shang Yang's political reform affected Qin for a hundred years, which directly promoted the process of reunification of Qin. It can be said that Shang Yang is a master of reform. Maybe he is not an excellent official, but an outstanding reformer. By the end of the Warring States period, the systems of various countries were gradually stiff for effective reform, and the people were exhausted. Therefore, Shang Yang's political reform stood out in troubled times, largely due to its comprehensive reform strategic layout and recognition of the considerable interests generated by the rulers and the bottom people. In a word, the success of Shang Yang's political reform is actually the accumulation of previous experience and acquired institutional innovation. (Authoritarian centralization) Text: A little historical reporter, referring to some documents of the Warring States period: some pictures in the station, pictures on the Internet, and the copyright of the pictures belongs to the original author.