2, "Rain" (free verse): Author: Zheng Chouyu, a poet in Taiwan Province Province. The famous book "mistakes" Taiwan Province poet, formerly known as Zheng, has published poetry collections, such as In the Land of Dreams, Clothes Bowl, Slave Outside the Window, Poetry Collection and Song of Embroidery. In 1949? Print the first book of poetry at your own expense, straw sandals and rafts. The expressive techniques and techniques of his poems are modern, and the deep feelings of his poems are China's profound traditional humanistic spirit. Rain Theory is the personification of the poet Zheng Chouyu who poured out his "love" to the children living on the land of China through the spring rain. It is a touching love song sung by the poet's heart.
3, "Variations on the Stars" (misty poetry) Author: He Jiang, formerly known as Yu Youze, one of the representative poets of misty poetry. Representative works include: Monument, The Sun and Its Reflection. This poem shows the deviation between reality and ideal, the poet's longing for light, and his persistent pursuit of ideal in reality.
4, "Cricket and Cricket" (pastoral): Author: Keats, English romantic poet. "Cricket and Cricket" describes the "Cricket Joy" in midsummer and the "Cricket Song" in winter, showing the scene of nature singing all year round, praising the eternal beauty of nature singing forever and full of vitality, and expressing the poet's eternal beauty to it.
5, "Night" (pastoral): Author: Ye Saining, Russian poet. Masterpieces: Banyan Festival, Promised Land, Dove in Jordan, Drummer in the Sky. The poem "Night" embodies the tranquility and beauty of the night, and conveys the poet's love for nature and his comfortable and quiet mind.
6. Dedication and Happiness (Argumentative Paper): Selected from Drinking Room Collection. Author: Liang Qichao, whose real name is Ren Gong, was born in Qing Dynasty. China is a representative figure and scholar of modern reformists. Together with Kang Youwei, he led the Reform Movement of 1898. His book was compiled into The Drinking Room Collection. This paper demonstrates that the word "dedication and happiness" is the only way of human life.
7. Speech to commemorate the centenary of Voltaire's death (speech): Author: Hugo,/kloc-the leader of French romantic literature movement in the 0/9th century, a humanitarian representative, known as "Shakespeare of France". His masterpieces include Notre Dame de Paris, Les Miserables, 1993 and short stories. This speech is a lofty tribute to the sages of mankind, a warm praise to the strength of thought and personality, and a cry for justice and a call for conscience that human society always needs.
Voltaire: French enlightenment thinker, writer and philosopher. He emphasized freedom and equality. Representative works include: Philosophical Correspondence and Metaphysics.
8. Two letters from Fu Lei (letters): selected from Fu Lei's letters. Author: Fu Lei, translator. Literary critic. These two letters from home, written when my son was depressed and delighted with success, expressed Fu Lei's profound understanding of life and ardent expectations for his son from two aspects. In two different styles, it shows Fu Lei's deep affection for his son and his true feelings for music art.
9. "Letter to Daughter" (letter): selected from "Thinking about Love". Author: Suhomlinski, Soviet educational practitioner and educational theorist. Masterpiece: 100 pieces of advice to teachers, giving all your thoughts to children. This lesson shows that time and life are the greatest tests of love: only the loyalty that can stand the test of time and transcend the dead soul can be called true love.
10, hometown (novella): selected from Scream. Author: Lu Xun. Modern writer. China is a great writer, thinker and revolutionary. Yucai was originally named Zhou Shuren and was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Representative works include: Flowers in the Morning, Weeds, Scream and Wandering, China's first vernacular novel, Diary of a Madman. Known as the "father of modern literature" in China. This paper expresses the author's attachment to his hometown, and also shows that after such earth-shaking changes in his hometown, the author deeply sympathizes with and regrets the great difference between his childhood playmates and his neighbors poisoned by feudal thoughts.
1 1, Lonely Journey, from the novel The Grass House. Author: Cao Wenxuan. Famous contemporary writers. He is the author of novels such as Goats Don't Eat Paradise Grass, Straw House and Red Tile. By describing the growth experience of a little boy, the author shows readers the setbacks and hardships that everyone has learned in growing up, which has certain educational significance.
12, My Uncle Yule (Short Story): Selected from boule de suif. Author: Mo Bosang. Full name man? De? Mo Bosang was an outstanding French critical realist writer in the second half of the19th century. His most outstanding literary achievements are short stories, compared with Chekhov and Europe? Henry, tied for the world's three great short story masters, has a great influence on later generations and is known as the "king of short stories". Masterpieces: Suicide Ball and Necklace. It exposed the cowardice and incompetence of the bourgeoisie at that time and people's distorted thoughts because of money, and also strongly satirized and criticized the interest relationship between people who were money-oriented.
13, Heart (Children's Novel) Author: Huang Beijia, a contemporary writer. The first novel "Make-up Examination", short story collection "The Water's Edge" and novel "I want to be a good boy". Through the story of Li Jingjing, a middle school student, some phenomena and problems in current social life and education are revealed.
14 "There is more than one correct answer to things" (argumentative), Luo Jia? Cost? Engel, American industrialist, scholar and creationist. Representative works include Blowing Head and Creative Card.
15, Understanding the Spirit of Things (argumentative essay), Chinese-American physicist Ding Zhaozhong, 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics. Through this article, the author profoundly exposed the disadvantages of traditional education and explained the importance of attaching importance to experimental spirit.
16, "Talking about Reading" (argumentative essay): Author: Bacon, English philosopher, writer and thinker. He is the author of essays and new tools. The summary of the function of reading embodies the importance of reading, praises the progressive thought of scientific development and the progressive slogan of advocating knowledge, and criticizes the decay of feudal theology.
17, "not seeking answers" (argumentative essay): selected from Yanshan Nighttalk. About the author: Ma Nancun, pen name Deng Tuo, is a contemporary writer, essayist, historian and famous journalist. Representative Yanshan Nighttalk. It shows the importance of reading, and it also shows that we should read in the right way.
18, "Have China People Lost Confidence" (Argumentative Paper): Selected from "Essays on Jieting". Author: Lu Xun, a modern writer. China is a great writer, thinker and revolutionary. Yucai was originally named Zhou Shuren and was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Representative works include: Flowers in the Morning, Weeds, Scream and Wandering, China's first vernacular novel, Diary of a Madman. Known as the "father of modern literature" in China. This work was written by the author to refute the wrong argument that "the pessimistic view on the future of the Anti-Japanese War accuses China people of losing self-confidence" and to stimulate national self-confidence.
19, intellectual education outline: selected from the second half of the sixteenth chapter of Outlaws of the Marsh (a long chapter novel). Water Margin, also known as Water Margin and Loyalty Water Margin, is one of the four classical novels (Water Margin, Journey to the West, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Dream of Red Mansions). It is a long vernacular novel with the theme of Sung River Uprising at the end of Northern Song Dynasty, which embodies the courage of ordinary people and bureaucratic ruling class at that time. About the author: Shi Naian was born in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. Tell the story of savage heroes such as Chao Gai and Wu Yong and Yang Zhi, an officer of Daming Mansion.
20. The death of Yang Xiu: selected from Chapter 72 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Romance of the Three Kingdoms is China's first novel, which describes the historical story of the Three Kingdoms period and shows the political and military struggle between the ruling groups. The world calls it "seven points of historical facts and three points of fiction". Author: Luo Guanzhong, whose real name is Ben, whose middle name is Hu Hai, is a novelist in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty.
2 1, "Fan Jinzhong Residence": Selected from "The Scholars", it tells the satirical tragicomedy caused by Fan Jinzhong's sudden change of fate. The Scholars is the first satirical novel in Qing Dynasty, which mainly describes the activities and mental outlook of intellectuals, officials and gentry in the late feudal society. About the author: Wu, the word, No.,also known as Wenmu Laoren in his later years, was a novelist in the Qing Dynasty. He is the author of the novel The Scholars.
22. Xiangling's poems: selected from A Dream of Red Mansions, reflecting Xiangling's strong spirit of studying. A Dream of Red Mansions (written by Cao Xueqin in the first eighty chapters and continued by Gao E in the last forty chapters) is the pinnacle of China's ancient novel (realism), also known as The Twelve Women in Jinling. With Jia, Shi, Wang and Xue as the background, and the love tragedy of Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu as the clue, the novel describes the process of Jia and Ning from prosperity to decline, reflecting the broad social reality in the late feudal society. Author: Cao Xueqin, famous, real name, real name Qin Pu, real name, is a novelist in Qing Dynasty.
23. Chen She family: selected from Historical Records? Chen She family. This is a biography of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, the leaders of the peasant uprising in the late Qin Dynasty. Historical Records records the history of more than 3,000 years from Huangdi to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty. It is the first biographical history of China, 130, which is divided into biographies, biographies, books and tables. Lu Xun praised: "Historians never sing, Li Sao has no rhyme." Author: Sima Qian, long word, historian, writer and thinker of the Western Han Dynasty.
24. "Tang Drama Live Up to its Mission": Selected from "Warring States Policy? Wei Zesi tells the story of Tang drama and the king of Qin, which shows the awe-inspiring righteousness and the spirit of not being afraid of violence in Tang drama. "The Warring States Policy" is a national historical work compiled by Liu Xiang according to the history books of the Warring States Period at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. Thirty-three articles are divided into twelve strategies: Eastern Zhou, Western Zhou, Qin, Qi, Chu, Wei, Han, Yan, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. This book records the struggles of strategists and strategists during the Warring States period and their related discussions and speeches.
25. "Longzhong Dui": selected from "The History of the Three Kingdoms? Shu zhi? Biography of Zhuge Liang tells the story of Liu Bei's three visits to the thatched cottage in the form of dialogue. Although Zhuge Liang is in the thatched cottage, he is thousands of miles away. A long-term response not only drew a strategic blueprint for Liu Bei, but also left an enduring historical story for future generations. The History of the Three Kingdoms (65 volumes) records the history of Wei, Shu and Wu in the Three Kingdoms period. Author: Chen Shou, Zi Chengzuo, Jin Dynasty, historian.
26. "Model": Table, a style written to the emperor in ancient times. Lu you praised him as "the teacher shows his real name, who can match him in a thousand years?" . About the author: Zhuge Liang was a famous politician and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period. Through this article, the author exhorts people with sincere and euphemistic words, mainly by opening their minds, strictly rewarding and punishing, and caring for distant sages, so as to revive the Han Dynasty. This paper expounds the necessity of the Northern Expedition and the expectation of the late ruler Liu Chan to govern the country. His words are sincere, and he writes about his loyalty to the country.
27, "Looking at Jiangnan" (word): Author: Wen, formerly known as Qi, the word Fei Qing. Poets in late Tang Dynasty. Poetry is one of the important writers of Huajian Ci School. Ci expresses the infatuated woman's yearning for her lover and depicts a thoughtful woman's image, which is sincere and touching.
28. "The fisherman's pride? Qiu Si (word): Author: Fan Zhongyan, word Healy, formerly known as Zhu Shuo. He was a famous minister, politician, writer and strategist in the Northern Song Dynasty, and posthumous title "Zheng Wen". The author combines the direct expression of the soul with the lyricism of borrowing scenery to express the feelings of the soldiers in the border area who are hard to get paid and homesick for serving the country.
29. "Jiang Chengzi? Hunting in Mizhou (word): selected from Dongpo Yuefu Notes. Author: Su Shi. The word Zi Zhan, the word He Zhong, is called "Dongpo layman" and the world calls it "Su Dongpo". A famous writer, painter, poet and gourmet in the Northern Song Dynasty, one of the eight great poets in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and a representative of the unrestrained poets. His prose and Ouyang Xiu are called Ou Su; Poetry and Huang Tingjian are also called Su Huang; Ci and Xin Qiji are collectively called Su Xin; Calligraphy is listed as one of the four great calligraphers in the Northern Song Dynasty: Su, Huang, Mi and Cai. His paintings started the Huzhou School of Painting. This word shows the author's patriotic spirit of caring about the fate of the country and serving the motherland. Its main idea is embodied in the last sentence: "I can bow like a full moon, look northwest and shoot Sirius." "
30, "Wulingchun" (word): Author: Li Qingzhao, a graceful poetess in the Song Dynasty, the word Yi 'an,no. Yi 'an Jushi. The whole line is full of the pain of "things are different." Expressed her thoughts about her old country. The idea is novel and the imagination is rich. Through the scenery in late spring, the inner activities are drawn, and the artistic image of indifference in the stern boat is used to express the depth of sadness. The writing is novel and ingenious, and it is deeply sad, so it is a swan song.
3 1, "Breaking the array? Fu Zhuang Ci is sent by Chen Tongfu (Ci): Author: Xin Qiji. Patriotic poets in Southern Song Dynasty. The original word Tanfu was changed to You 'an, and his middle-aged name was Jiaxuan, so he was named Jiaxuan layman. He is a great bold poet, patriot, strategist and politician in the history of our country. This word expresses the author's frustration and indignation by describing the tragic battle scene.
1. I love this land: Author: Ai Qing, formerly known as Jiang Haicheng, a native of Jinhua, Zhejiang, a modern poet, the first book of poetry "Dayan River", the masterpiece "Dayan River-My Nanny". He is the author of poetry anthology "North", "Notice of Dawn" and "Song of Return". Understanding of the topic: Ai Qing is a singer of the land, and "land" symbolizes the troubled motherland that gave birth to him and raised him. The poet wrote this impassioned poem at the critical moment of national ruin and national peril, expressing his love for the motherland and hatred for the invaders. Central content: It describes four objects that birds sing: land, river, wind and dawn. Their core is "land", which expresses the author's unforgettable sincere and affectionate love for the motherland and the hatred of the broad masses of the people against the invaders.
Homesickness: Author: Yu Guangzhong, Taiwan Province poet. He is the author of poems such as Elegy of Zhou Zi, Percussion, White Jade and Bitter Melon. Understanding of the topic: "Homesickness" is a feeling of deep yearning for one's hometown, and it is an inner feeling that a wanderer living in a foreign country is most likely to have. Yu Guangzhong's "homesickness" rose from his personal thoughts of hometown to his thoughts of home and country. Central content: The author places homesickness on relative images in chronological order: stamps, boat tickets, graves and straits. People on both sides of the strait have placed ardent expectations on the early reunification of the motherland.
2. I use the broken palm: Author: Dai Wangshu, formerly known as Dai Mengou, a modern poet, whose representative works include My Memory, Wang Shucao, Wang Shushi, Disaster Years, Rain Lane, etc. Understanding of the topic: "I" refers to the poet himself, and "broken palm" is both real writing and imaginary writing. It is an image that appears many times in the poem. This poem is a song dedicated to the motherland by the poet behind the bars of the invaders. Central content: In imagination, the poet stroked the land ravaged by the Japanese invaders with his damaged palm, expressing his grief and indignation for the people in the occupied areas and his deep yearning for the liberated areas.
3. Motherland, my dear motherland: Author: Shu Ting, formerly known as Gong, a contemporary poetess, whose representative works include "Two Masts Ship", "Aria", "Shu Ting's Poems" and "Ships and Gifts". She is one of the representative poets of the misty poetry school in the new period. Stylistic common sense: The representatives of misty poetry school are Shu Ting, Gu Cheng, He Jiang, Bei Dao, etc. Understanding of the topic: In the face of the disaster-stricken and newborn motherland, the poet projected the image of "I" on the background of the motherland and expressed the voice of this generation.
Central content: The poet casts the individual "I" in the big image of the motherland, reveals the flesh-and-blood relationship between "I" and the motherland from different angles, and expresses the poet's strong patriotism and historical responsibility.
4 "Motherland": Author: lermontov,19th century Russian poet. His works include the long poem The Devil, The Child Monk, The Masquerade, and The Contemporary Hero. Understanding of the topic: lermontov compares his feelings for the motherland to "love" and chooses the scenery that best represents the beauty of Russian mountains and rivers to express his "love" for the motherland. Central content: By arranging the natural scenery of Russia and people's life scenes, the "love" for the motherland is expressed.
Black people talk about rivers: Author: Hughes, a famous American poet and leader of the Black Renaissance, is called "Poet Laureate of Harlem". Understanding of the topic: The river in Black Talk about the River is a highly concise image, which can be understood as a symbol of history. Black people's tracing back to rivers is the root of their ancestors and homes. Central content: The poet expressed his love for his ancestors and native land through the tracing of the river by blacks.
5. Kong Yiji: From The Scream. About the author: Lu Xun, formerly known as Zhou Shuren, was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, a modern writer, thinker and revolutionary in China. The first vernacular novel, Diary of a Madman, consists of a collection of novels, Scream, Wandering, Prose Collection, Prose Poetry Collection, Weeds and Prose Collection, Tomb Raider Justice Collection. Stylistic knowledge: the novel focuses on shaping the characters, and reflects social life through the narrative of the story and the description of the environment. The three elements of the novel include characters, story lines and environmental descriptions. The plot structure of the novel is divided into four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending. Environment includes social environment and natural environment. Understanding of the title: The article takes the name of the hero of the novel as the title, which indicates that the plot will revolve around this character and the theme will be revealed by the character. And this strange name also corresponds to the character's personality, and also lays the ironic tone for the article. Central Content: Through the description of several tragic life scenes in Kong Yi's later years, this novel successfully portrayed the image of the lower-class intellectuals who were devastated by the imperial examination system in the last days of feudalism, accused the evils of the feudal system, and revealed the apathy and numbness of the people.
6. Liu Pu Family: Author: Liu Shaotang, a contemporary writer. His works are fresh and simple in style, fluent in writing, calm and natural in description, concise and complete in structure and full of local color. Understanding of the topic: Liu Pu's family originally refers to people who build houses with cattail and willow branches, and here refers to ordinary poor farmers. Central content: This article mainly shows aunt's boldness, shrewishness and love, as well as the chivalry and boldness of Dr. He, just like a vivid genre painting, showing people's lofty character.
7. "Chameleon": Author: Chekhov, Russian writer, masterpiece: The novel "The Man in the Condom" and the script "Uncle Vanya". Understanding of the topic: The author compares the protagonist Ralph to a chameleon, which shows that he is a loyal lackey of the czar, good at have it both ways, obsessed with superiors, bullying subordinates and willful and shameless. Central content: By describing have it both ways and Ralph, a police officer who bullies and flatters the czar, the novel subtly exposes the reaction and hypocrisy of the Russian police system and criticizes its anti-people nature.
8. Love life: selected from love life. Author: Jack? London, American novelist. He has published many short stories, commonly known as "Northern Stories". Understanding of the topic: As long as you don't give up your life easily, the embarrassing environment can be reborn.
Central content: This paper describes the story of a gold digger who finally killed the wolf and drained the blood of the wolf in a contest with the same sick wolf, successfully portraying the image of "this man" who is indomitable and fearless of difficulties and obstacles, and enlightening people that people must fight against all kinds of difficulties and obstacles when they are alive.
9. Talking about life: Author: Bing Xin, a children's writer. Formerly known as Xie Wanying. He is the author of poems such as Stars and Springs. His poetic style is beautiful, gentle and elegant, and he is called "spring water". Prose collections include For Young Readers, After Your Return, For Young Readers, For Young Readers, Ode to Cherry Blossoms, About Women, etc. Early prose is graceful and elegant, concise and smooth, and is called "Bing Xin Ti". Understanding of the topic: The author compares life to "a spring river" and "a small tree" and expresses his unique feelings about life. Central content: This paper takes A Spring River and A Little Tree as metaphors to reveal the process and general law from growth to growth, and then to weakness, as well as the will to fight for the pain and happiness in life and the open-minded and optimistic spirit.
10 Tree: Author: Wang Dingjun, a contemporary Taiwan Province writer. His main works include essays Three Books of Life, Things and Chess, Broken Glass, Inspiration, and novels The Body Temperature of a Single Man, Perspective and Clock. Understanding of the topic: That tree is a strong one in nature. It brings shade and shelter to the earth. But in the process of human civilization, there are contradictions between man and nature. Trees have become the experience of human civilization, which shows the contradiction between human development and environmental protection. Central content: This essay describes the story that a big tree that has benefited mankind for many years was finally cut down by human beings, expressing the author's regret for the fate of the big tree, the advantages and disadvantages of the development of urban civilization, and the deep thinking and deep feelings about the relationship between man and nature.
1 1. Thinking about underground forest: Author: Zhang Kangkang, a contemporary female writer. The first novel The Lamp, the novel The Boundary Line, The Invisible Companion, the short story The Right of Love, Summer, etc. Understanding of the topic: The forest written in this article grows in a dark and deep canyon, so it is called "underground forest", which means fragmentary and fragmentary feeling. Although feelings are fragments, the author feels strongly, the theme is profound, contains philosophy and has the power to touch people's hearts. Central content: Facing the miracle of underground forest created by nature, the author developed rich imagination, described the history of underground forest formation with beautiful and vivid language, enthusiastically praised the tenacious vitality of underground forest, and expressed infinite admiration for the canyons that gave birth to underground forest.
12. Life: Author: brandeis, Danish literary critic. He is the author of mainstream literature in the19th century.
Central content: This paper takes "tower", "cave", "vast field" and "workshop" as metaphors, describes different situations of human life journey from different angles and horizons, and expresses the author's profound understanding of human life and the essence of human social life, as well as his firm outlook on life and values that make life meaningful.
13. Merchant of Venice: selected from Merchant of Venice. Author: Shakespeare, a Renaissance English playwright and poet, was called "the greatest comic genius of mankind" by Marx. Representative works include: comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream, Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night, historical drama Richard III, Henry IV and tragicomedy Romeo and Juliet. The four famous tragedies are Hamlet (also called Revenge of the Prince), Othello and King Lear of Macbeth. Four misers: Abagong in Mauriere's Miser, and Eugénie? Grandet in Grandet, Shylock in British Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, and Pushkin in Russian Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's The Dead.
Cultural common sense: the composition of drama literature usually includes two parts: one is the playwright's stage tips, including the list of characters, time, place, scenery, costumes, props and the psychological emotions, movements and ups and downs of characters' lines; The first is the characters' own lines, including dialogue (duet), narration (singing) monologue (solo) and so on. General knowledge of literature: the classification of drama literature (1) can be divided into drama (main types), opera, ballet and so on according to the forms of expression. (2) According to the nature of content, it can be divided into tragedy, comedy and drama. A drama refers to a drama with both tragicomedy and comedy factors. (3) According to the aspects involved in the theme, it can be divided into modern drama, historical drama, divine drama, science fiction drama, pantomime and children's drama. (4) According to the length scale, it can be divided into full-length dramas and one-act dramas. Central content: The play shows the process of the Venice court hearing the contract dispute case of "cutting a catty of meat", and reveals the ruthless, greedy and ruthless class nature of usurers; At the same time, it eulogizes the profound friendship between the people of the new bourgeoisie and the moral thought of valuing righteousness over profit, and embodies the author's humanistic ideal.
14. Face/Guan: Author: Wei Minglun, a famous Sichuan Opera writer, known as the "genius of Bashan". Representative plays include Yi Dan, Four Girls, Wonder Mountain in the Sunset, Chinese Princess Durando, etc.
Understanding of the topic: Changing face initially refers to the emotional makeup in Chinese drama, and later refers to a performance stunt that changes facial makeup many times in an instant.
Central content: The drama describes the tortuous process of finding out that the dog baby is a girl, abandoning her and finally taking her in. It shows the deep-rooted preference for boys over girls, and also shows the misfortune of girls in the lower class and their helpless struggle against fate. Their experiences also reflected the living conditions of the people at the bottom of society at that time.
15. Zao Er: Author Sun Hong, playwright. Understanding of the title: the title "jujube" refers to both the real jujube and the name of the old man's son in the text. In addition, "jujube" is a clue that runs through the whole play, and the author gives it profound symbolic significance. Central content: The play tells the intimate communication between an old man and a boy about picking dates. The old man recalled the past of "Zaoer" and expressed his thoughts for his son. The boy wants to leave "dates" for his father to eat, which shows his hope for a famous father. The whole play expresses their sincere feelings of calling for the return of their loved ones.
16. The Sound of Music was written by American playwright Lerman. The Sound of Music has also been translated into the following translations: Yue Xian is everywhere, true, good and beautiful, tender and sweet, with music in the heart and natural charm. Central content: This paper describes the scene of a nun Maria singing a happy play, and the scene of the abbot and mothers talking about Maria in the monastery, and depicts the girl Maria's love of singing, beautiful mind, lively and free, pure and happy character.
17. Lost: selected from Mozi. The book Mozi is now generally regarded by his disciples and their re-disciples as a compilation of Mozi's words and deeds. Mozi: Mingzhai was the founder of Mohism during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Literary common sense: Prose of pre-Qin philosophers came into being in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. His major works are The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Mozi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Xunzi and Everything is done wrong. Most of the essays of pre-Qin philosophers are full of literary talent, and they make good use of metaphors to tell things and argue right and wrong, which enhances their persuasiveness, while the extensive use of rhetorical devices such as parallelism and exaggeration makes the articles more colorful. Understanding of the topic: The article "Public Losing" tells the story that Mozi prevented Chu from attacking Song Dynasty. At that time, Mozi heard the news that Chu was going to attack Song. He "walked for ten days and ten nights and ended the war". Central content: This article tells the story of Mozi's discouraging Chu from attacking Song State, and vividly shows Mozi's spirit of hard practice and tenacious struggle in order to realize his own ideas.
18. "If you get the Tao, you will help more, but if you lose it, you will help less": selected from Mencius? In the ugly sunshine. Mencius, written by Mencius and his disciples, is one of the Confucian classics. Mencius: Mingke, a jade son, was called "Yasheng" during the Warring States Period and was a disciple of Kong Ji, the grandson of Confucius. He advocated "benevolent government" and put forward the slogan "people are more expensive than kings" Literary common sense: Mencius is one of the classic works of Confucianism, which describes Mencius' words and deeds, political opinions, philosophical opinions and personal cultivation. Understanding of the topic: The "Tao" advocated by Mencius is the practice of benevolent government. Central content: Discuss the viewpoint that "the weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as human harmony"
Born in sorrow and died in happiness? Tell your son. " Understanding of the topic: "Born in sorrow and died in happiness" means living in sorrow and declining in indulgence in happiness. Central content: it is pointed out that "harmony between people" is the first condition to defeat the enemy.
19 I want what I want: selected from Mencius? Sue. " Common sense of literature: the main points of Mencius' theory of good nature: (1) "good" means human nature; (2) There are four "initial intentions" of human beings: sympathy, shame, respect and right and wrong. The moral norms of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom came into being. (3) The deterioration of human nature is due to the influence of external things, not the expression of nature. (4) Nature also needs "nurturing". Understanding of the topic: Mencius advocates that human nature is good. He believes that people are born with a secret heart, a shame heart and a resignation heart. As long as these "kindness" are not lost, there will be "benevolence, righteousness and reason" in morality. Central content: This paper takes fish and bear's paw as metaphors, discusses that the choice of life should focus on "righteousness", and if necessary, it can "give up life for righteousness" and criticize those who forget righteousness.
20' Two Stories about Zhuangzi': Selected from' Zhuangzi? Autumn water. Zhuangzi is an anthology of Zhuang Zhou and his later studies, and it is one of the Taoist classics. Zhuang Zhou: Warring States period, philosopher and representative of Taoism. Content: Keiko Xiang Liang satirizes the faces of those who are obsessed with fame and fortune, and shows Zhuangzi's lofty and self-sustaining attitude. His sleeves are like a "rotten mouse".
"Zhuangzi and Keiko Wandering" describes an argument between Zhuangzi and Keiko, showing their differences in thought, character and temperament.
2 1 Cao Gui debate: selected from Zuo Zhuan. Zuo Zhuan, also known as Zuo Chunqiu and Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan, is said to have been written by Zuo Qiuming. It is China's chronological history books, historical works and literary works. Cultural common sense: it is a chronological history book that records the politics, economy, military affairs, diplomacy and culture of the vassal States in the Spring and Autumn Period. A large number of ancient historical materials are preserved in the book, with beautiful words. Especially good at describing wars and complex events, but also good at showing characters' personality characteristics through dialogue and action.
Topic understanding: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi and Lu were neighboring countries. At that time, Qi was strong, Lu was weak, and Lu was on the defensive. This paper tells the story of learning the correct strategy and tactics from Lu Zhuanggong and finally defeating Qi State. Central content: It narrates the dialogue between Cao Gui and Lu Zhuanggong about Qilu War and the historical facts of commander Shao's war, and expounds that only by winning the trust of the people and using correct strategies and tactics can we win the battle, which shows Cao Gui's political foresight and military talent and praises Cao Gui's patriotism.