Yinshanggong
Erlitou site in Yanshi, Henan Province is a group of quadrangle buildings surrounded by cloisters. Some people speculate that it was the early Shang Palace. Zhengzhou Mall also excavated several large-scale architectural sites, which some people think are palace sites in the middle of Shang Dynasty. Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province are recognized as palace ruins in the late Shang Dynasty. These palaces are all buried in rammed earth foundations with wooden pillars, and the roofs are not tiled. It can be seen that at the end of the Shang Dynasty, the palace was still in the state of "Maozitu steps".
Western Zhou Dynasty and Spring and Autumn Warring States Palace
The ruins of the Western Zhou Palace have not been found so far. According to Kao Gong Ji in the Warring States Period, the palaces of the Zhou Dynasty were divided into two parts: the former dynasty and the later dynasty. On the front, there are three dynasties: the outer dynasty, the inner dynasty and the Yan dynasty (also known as the Great Dynasty, the Japanese Dynasty and the Long Dynasty) and three gates: Gaomen, Yingmen and Lumen. The outer court is in front of the main entrance of Miyagi, and there is a gate outside. The inner court is between the inner door and the door in the palace. The entrance is a bedroom, which is divided into a king bedroom and a back bedroom. The king's right bed is the road bed, and the court in front is the Yan Dynasty. Kao Gong Ji was discovered in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty. As a lost winter official in Zhou Li, he was officially listed as a Confucian classic by Zheng Xuan in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Therefore, the palace system contained in Kao Gong Ji was not reflected in the palaces of the Han Dynasty, but it had a great influence on the palaces of various generations after the Han Dynasty. Most of these palaces should be strictly divided into two parts, the outer court and the inner court, with a clear central axis, according to Kao Gong Ji. However, after Zheng Xuan quoted Zheng Zhong as saying, the three doors described in Kao Gong Ji were expanded to five doors, so the outer courtyards of palaces in future generations were all "three dynasties and five doors".
From the discovered palace sites in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it can be known that wooden temples are generally built layer by layer on stepped rammed earth platforms from seven or eight meters to more than ten meters high, forming a building complex with walls and doors outside. This kind of high-rise building not only helps to defend and observe the surrounding movements, but also shows the majesty of power. As far as the influence is concerned, most of the large palaces in Qin and Han Dynasties are high-rise buildings. For example, the ancient city of Wang Ping in Houma, Shanxi, Yanxiadu site in Yixian, Hebei, Zhao Cheng in Handan and Qicheng in Linzi, Shandong all have such palace sites. Among them, the site of Zhaogong in Handan has an obvious north-south axis. The site of a palace in Xianyang, Qin Dou was excavated in the eastern suburb of Xianyang, Shaanxi Province. It is located on the highland on the north bank of Weihe River, which is called "Xianyang North Class" in history books. Palace ruins are dense in this area, extending eastward along the waterfront highland. The excavation foundation of rammed earth abutment is about 6m high and covers an area of 45m× 60m. It is speculated that it was originally a high-rise building built on rammed earth piers, including halls, halls, cloisters, bedrooms, bathrooms and warehouses. There are also heated kang, fireplace and cellar for food preservation, and the countertop has relatively perfect drainage facilities. Through these, we can have a general understanding of the palaces in the late Warring States period. But it is only a second palace in the palace, and the overall layout of Xianyang Palace is still unclear.
Qin and Han palaces
After Qin unified the whole country, a large number of palaces were built. According to Records of the Historian, there are 300 places in * * * Miguan (referring to Hangu Pass) and 400 places outside the Pass. The Guanzhong Plain and the surrounding areas of Xianyang mainly include: Xianyang Old Palace, a series of palaces imitating the Six Kingdoms Palace on the north bank of Weihe River, Shanglinyuan Xin Palace (also called Xianyang Palace in the 27th year of the first emperor, later called Jigong, which is the center of all palaces, with the celestial pole as the center), Ganquan Palace at the northern foot of Mount Li as the residence of the Empress Dowager, and Beiling in the north of Xianyang Old Palace. These palaces are connected with 270 temples within 200 miles of Fiona Fang through pavilions or tunnels. Later, another big imperial palace, called Epang Palace, was built in the south of Weishui as the main court, but Qin died before it was built.
At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Xinglong Palace, a relic of the Qin Dynasty, was used to build Changle Palace, and then Weiyang Palace was built in the west as the official palace, and Changle Palace was used as the residence of the Queen Mother. During the periods of Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi, Gong Bei was built for princes. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were Gui Palace and Mingguang Palace in the north of the city, and a palace in Shanglinyuan in the west of the city. The palace covers a large area and the architectural layout is sparse, which is not as dense and rigorous as that of Ming and Qing dynasties. Each temple has its own area. In the front hall of the Han dynasty, there was a great court meeting, and the east and west wings were used as places for daily affairs. When Wang Mang changed the front hall of Weiyang Palace to Wang Lutang, it was attached to the road bed in Kao Gong Ji. Zhang Jian Palace is a new type of palace, which is a combination of palace and garden, and has many functions such as gathering, living, playing and watching.
Luoyang was the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Nangong was built first, and then Gong Bei was built. The two palaces are divided into the south wall and the north wall of the capital, separated by the urban area and connected by three pavilions, each of which has an anteroom. At the end of the Han Dynasty, when Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling were in mourning, East and West Palace were added.
Palaces in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, palaces were all concentrated in one district, which was obviously different from cities. The palaces of Yecheng in Cao Wei and Jiankang in Sun Wu are concentrated in the north of the city, and the government offices are arranged on both sides of the road in front of the palace. The palaces in the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were generally adjacent, and the front hall was influenced by the east-west architecture in the Han Dynasty. Taiji Hall, the main hall, is used for ceremonies, and the East and West halls are built on both sides to handle daily affairs. From the time of Jiankang in the Southern Dynasties, Miyagi was basically a rectangle with a long axis from north to south, with three doors in the south, such as those in Sui, Tang, Northern Song and Jinyuan Miyagi, and changed to one in the south in the Ming Dynasty.
Sui and Tang palaces
The Sui Dynasty established the imperial city in front of Miyagi and concentrated the yamen. From the former dynasties to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the main hall was juxtaposed with the East and West halls, that is, the arrangement of the Great Dynasty and the Chang Dynasty, which traced back to the ancient meaning of Zhou Li, with the arrangement of five doors in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. On the central axis, there are two groups of palaces, Tai Chi and Two Instruments, at the main entrance of Gongnan. The Tang Chengsui system only changed the name of the temple gate. The main entrance of Miyagi was the foreign court in the Tang Dynasty. On New Year's Day and the winter solstice, the Tang Dynasty hosted banquets, issued decrees, granted amnesty to the world, and foreign envoys came to the DPRK. There are two groups of palaces, Tai Chi and Two Instruments, on the central axis of the gate. The former was a Japanese dynasty that looked after things regularly, and the latter was a regular dynasty that looked after things every day. The five gates are: Chengtianmen, Jiademen, Taiji Gate, Famous Gates and Liangyimen. This system, which was inherited by Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties, was a typical palace layout in the middle and late feudal society of China.
When Tang Gaozong was in Chang 'an, Daming Palace was built in the outer imperial garden in the northeast. There are three groups of palaces on the front central axis, the Han and Yuan Dynasties Palace is the Great Dynasty, the Zheng Xuan Palace is the Japanese Dynasty (also known as the "positive dynasty"), and the Chenzi Palace is the regular dynasty (also known as the "inner dynasty"). The Forbidden City, Taiyechi, Penglai Mountain and other scenic spots are freely arranged and combined, which is the traditional layout of the combination of palace and garden since the Han and Wei Dynasties. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, leaving the palace was also very prosperous. Important ones are Renshou Palace in Linyou (changed to Jiucheng Palace in Tang Dynasty), Taihe Palace in Zhong Nanshan (changed to Cuiwei Palace in Tang Dynasty) and Huaqing Palace in Tang Dynasty. On the way to the separation palace, a large number of palaces were built.
Song Jinyuan Palace
Bianjing Palace in the Northern Song Dynasty was rebuilt on the basis of the original Bianzhou government. The area of Miyagi is only about110 of Daming Palace in Tang Dynasty. Most government agencies outside the palace are mixed with residential buildings, and gardens are scattered outside the city. There were three dynasties in the previous dynasty. However, due to the limitation of area, it is impossible to build three halls around Daming Palace in Tang Dynasty. The main entrance of Miyagi is Xuande Gate, and the main hall inside the gate is Daqing Hall, which is used for the ceremony of the Chaohui, equivalent to the Great Dynasty. Further west is Chenziting, which is the Japanese dynasty. To the west of the Qing Temple is the Wende Hall, which is called "Zhengya". Then there is the vertical arch hall, which is a regular dynasty. The three dynasties were not on the same axis. Xuande Building, the main entrance of Miyagi, is made of masonry, with five doors, gold nails and red paint, carved dragons, phoenixes and flying clouds. The above-mentioned gate building has buildings and pavilions on the left and right, all covered with glazed tiles. It can be seen that although the gas bureau of the imperial palace in the Northern Song Dynasty is small, it is more gorgeous than that in the Tang Dynasty. In order to make up for the cramped scene in front of the palace, a wide street with royal cloisters was opened to the south in front of Xuande Building. In the street, the road is divided into three lanes by a fork (fence) and a canal, with the imperial road in the middle and pedestrians on both sides. Planting flowers and trees beside the canal has formed the dominant part of the magnificent Miyagi, and it is also the origin of the Qian Qian Gallery in front of the palaces of Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Jin Zhongdu Palace, located in the southwest of Beijing in the Ming Dynasty, was ruled by the Northern Song Dynasty. But the buildings on the central axis are divided into two groups: the upright position of the emperor and the upright position of the queen. Due to the extensive use of turquoise glazed tiles and white marble, the building is magnificent. Located in the south of the capital, the Metropolitan Palace of Yuan Dynasty is divided into three parts: Miyagi Ohuchi is the seat of the imperial court, on the central axis of the city; To the west of Miyagi are Long Fu Palace where the Empress Dowager lives and Sheng Xing Palace where the Prince lives. To the north of Miyagi is the Royal Garden. On the central axis of the palace, there are two groups of Daming Hall and Yanchunge, namely the emperor and the queen. Other temples also have many characteristics, such as using fur or silk as barriers, lichens, not revealing the walls, floors and wooden frames in traditional temples in China, and maintaining the habit of nomadic people living in blankets; At that time, glazed tiles had developed to yellow, green, blue, white and other colors, and they liked to be decorated with red golden dragons. There are also the Temple of Fear of My Son, Brown Mausoleum, and masonry buildings, which show the influence of multi-ethnic architectural factors such as Han, Tibet and Central Asia.
Ming and Qing palaces
In the Ming Dynasty, palaces were built in three places: Nanjing, Lin Hao in Zhongdu and Beijing. Nanjing Palace was built in the late Yuan Dynasty (1366). Gongcheng is built at the foot of Xizhi Mountain, Zhongshan, outside the old city, and filled with Swallow Lake. The terrain has the disadvantage of high front and low back. However, Zhongshan is in the north and Ye Ping is in the south. The situation is open, clearly distinguished from the old city, not interfering with each other, and there is no confusion between government agencies and residential buildings. The main entrance of the imperial city is called Hongwumen. On both sides of okimichi, there are the governors' offices of the central ministries and the five armies. There is Waiwulong Bridge at the northern end of Imperial Road, which passes through Chengtianmen and Duanmen and reaches the main entrance of Miyagi. There are two groups of palaces on the central axis of the palace. There are three halls in front: Fengtian, Gai Hua and Shrine, which are the main halls of the outer court. After that, there were two palaces, Gan Qing Palace and Kunning Palace, and six palaces around the main hall of the palace. This layout of building two groups of palaces in front of and behind the central axis is the same as that of the palaces in Jinzhongdu and Yuandadu, but it is also connected by three halls facing the outer court and five doors from Hongwumen to Fengtian Hall. Different from the Tang and Song Dynasties, the three dynasties of Ming Dynasty were independent palaces, only three temples were rebuilt in one palace. Today, the Nanjing Palace in the Ming Dynasty only contains the bases of the meridian gate and the east and west gates.
Beijing Palace in Ming Dynasty was built in the 15th to 18th year of Yongle (14 17 ~ 1420). Although the Qing dynasty has been rebuilt many times, the basic pattern has not changed. Up to now, there are still many temples belonging to the Ming Dynasty, which are the most magnificent ancient buildings in China.
Before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, a palace was built in the downtown area of Shenyang 1636, which was small in scale and divided into three buildings (see Shenyang Forbidden City). Although the Forbidden City was used after entering the customs, the Qing emperors lived in Yuanmingyuan, chengde mountain resort and other places most of the time. This garden became the main residence of the Qing emperor. So they all set up outer courtyards and inner courtyards, and built a large number of temples. Although it is not as large as the palace, it is also considerable. The system of leaving the palace initiated by Qin Shihuang and Han Wudi was fully developed in the gardens of Qing Dynasty.