Even living in an open-minded modern society, even after 80s and 90s, when I was young, I was more or less influenced by the "son preference" since ancient times.
For example, the elders at home will emphasize that they are not "patriarchal" like other people's homes, which may give people the feeling that there is no money here. In remote rural areas, what's more, they will secretly throw away their newborn baby girls, especially in underdeveloped areas. This kind of "sexist" cultural dross has been passed down since ancient times.
In the backward feudal ancient society, there were even different names for boys and girls born at home. Boys were called "Tianding" and girls were called "Taguchi". In fact, this statement that "men are superior to women" is also a manifestation of gender discrimination.
I. "Tian Ding" and "Taguchi" In fact, in the distant feudal society, the main mode of production was male ploughing and female weaving, that is, "male ploughing and female weaving". Because of the different physiological structures, women are naturally weaker, and even adult women are weaker than adult men. But men are born with good physical strength and undertake farm work tasks.
In ancient times, boys were called "Tianding", but all those called "Dinging" had to be adults, because they could only undertake the manual labor of the family after adulthood. Therefore, in ancient times,1men aged 6 to 60 were called "Ding".
Because women engaged in textile, cooking and housework in ancient production, they were unable to do heavy farm work and their status was far lower than that of men. That is, because she can't farm, she has an extra "mouth" to eat, so the girl born in ancient times is called "mouth plus".
As we all know, in ancient times, boys were favored over girls because they thought that the birth of boys could increase the labor force in agricultural production, while girls with insufficient strength were considered to have only one more "mouth" to eat and could not farm. In ancient families, giving birth to girls was considered as "losing money".
Second, the appellations of "Ding" and "Kou" related to tax corvee are closely related to the tax system in ancient society.
Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, land, population and household registration have been taxed. , including physical objects, money, labor, etc. In this regard, Qin Shihuang promulgated the decree of "making the first place in Guizhou a real field", ordering landlords and landowners to declare their land holdings and pay taxes in accordance with the provisions of the decree.
The Han government not only collected land rent, but also exported land tax. In other words, the government calculates population tax according to the number of people and collects land tax according to the number of land. If adult women have no land, population tax will be levied instead of land tax.
In addition, in the Han Dynasty, in addition to oral taxes, another population tax was levied. The money provided by the delicious food is not a population tax. Since the Tang Dynasty, the taxation algorithm of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties has been inherited, and men with fields need to pay taxes on time.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, although the ancient tax system in China tended to be perfect, it also took many detours. For example, after the two tax laws, the land rent adjustment method based on Ding Hu is no longer applicable, and the expression of land tax was once called khufu, and its meaning has also changed.
Among them, cultivated land refers to land rent, and the original "tax" is a poll tax converted from the "military tax" fund, which is equivalent to compensation for disobedience. Emperor Wu of Jin issued an order on land occupation, stipulating that Ding Nan paid 50 mu of land rent and Ding Nv paid 20 mu.
In ancient society, because land was relatively scarce as the biggest asset of farmers, the distribution of land was mostly male. So it refers to adult men who can be employed as labor force, which is related to the land system at that time.
In Song Dynasty, the names of men aged 20-59 were registered with Ding Kou Book, so as to distribute the corvee and taxes. In the Ming dynasty, the whip method was used to collect money and rent, and the color and personal dependence of population taxation gradually weakened; There was a transitional period in the Qing Dynasty. In the fifty-first year of Kangxi, it was announced that Ding Ding would no longer be taxed, even Gading was no exception.
Yongzheng also carried out great reforms. He combined population tax and land tax into one, abolished the previous "poll tax" and became a unified system of the Qing Dynasty.
It can be said that the unification of Dingyin and Tianfu, taking agricultural land as the object of taxation, simplifies the procedures of taxation and collection and management, which is a great progress in history and a product of economic development. The commodity economy is active, and although the amount of land tax is still very large, it accounts for a relatively small proportion in the finance of the Qing Dynasty.
But the influence of this tradition is far-reaching, including the previous housing reform in Hong Kong. The male descendants of the indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories are also called Ding, from which the "Ding House" came. Ding is both a right and an obligation. In ancient times, boys were called Tianding and girls were called Tiankou, both of which were products of the traditional system.