1. Overview Ancient India is one of the cradles of human civilization and has made original contributions to human civilization in literature, philosophy and natural science. In literature, he created the immortal epics Mahabharata and Ramayana. In philosophy, he founded "Ming Dynasty Studies", which is equivalent to today's logic. In natural science, the most outstanding contribution is the invention of universal counting method and the creation of 10 digital symbols including "0". The so-called Arabic numerals actually originated in India and only spread to the west through Arabs. In the 6th century BC, Buddhism came into being in ancient India and was later introduced to China, Korea and Japan. 2. Pure Melody-Music and Dance India is a melting pot of culture. The unique historical background of this country makes it contain many cultural trends from ancient times to modern times, from west to east, from Asia to Europe and so on. In addition, it is a country composed of five ethnic groups, and it is like a big cultural museum. Mumbai, located on the west bank of the capital New Delhi, is the cultural center, while Calcutta has news about culture every day. A variety of music, dance, ballet and comedy dazzle tourists and make them linger. Living in a noisy big city for a long time, people yearn for simplicity. The foundation of Indian traditional music is "nature". It praises the relationship between man and man, man and nature, and man and God. The melodies of the four seasons are all reflected in the traditional tune "Lag"-it is said that the ancients wrote the first "Lag" inspired by the singing of birds in the forest and the burning of branches. As for the content of the song, it originated from religious ceremonies in North India. Today, traditional songs still retain the ancient pronunciation, and the singer's sound quality is pure, which makes the song maintain a simple and pure feeling of hymn. Even if you don't understand the lyrics, you can feel the sacredness and tranquility of nature. ——Natyam, one of the oldest dances in India, means "the art of dancing" in Hindi. In addition to emphasizing the rhythm of dance, it also emphasizes that accompaniment music must be pleasant to listen to, consisting of solemn poems and simple music. This is a sacrificial dance, which can fully reflect the feelings of dancers. It was originally performed by the temple dancers in the temple. The key to this dance is to keep your upper body straight, your legs half bent, your knees apart, and your feet like a half-open fan. Although there are strict action norms, in fact, each actor's performance is different, and most of the time the performance is improvisation, so each Natyam's personal style is very strong. Now, this traditional dance has re-emerged with a retro trend. However, ancient Natyam was generally a solo dance, and now group dance is more popular. A group of graceful dancers in gorgeous traditional costumes danced like fairies in beautiful music, and the effect was better than solo dancing. Today, Natyam has developed into a technical art system. 3. Ancient Cuisine Indian curry is famous all over the world. Many people think that rice and curry are the main foods and seasonings in India. But in fact, rice is only the staple food in some parts of India, and curry is a strange seasoning for most Indians. In fact, there is no unified style is the biggest feature of Indian food. Moreover, there are not only great differences in eating habits among cities in India, but even every family has an obvious eating style. But in general, chicken, fish and mutton are the most common. Gravy is the main sauce in India and is very popular all over India. Of course, the gravy in every place has its obvious local characteristics. In Indian kitchens, only fresh green peppers and dried red peppers are spicy. So tourists who don't like spicy food don't have to worry about not eating authentic Indian food. For tourists, India's most famous traditional dishes originated from the Indian royal family. Stewed meat, sauce and rice are the basis of three different cooking styles. But after all, royal food can only be eaten in special restaurants and hotels, and ordinary people are not "cold" about it. In the local area, many popular Indian dishes are very common, such as unfermented oatmeal bread coated with green mustard, which has been cooked all night with coal fire. This simple winter snack is regarded as the favorite by farmers and city dwellers. Authentic shortbread and steamed rice cakes are famous in southern cities. As for some coastal areas, in addition to seafood feasts such as crabs, lobsters, tiger shrimps and shellfish, fragrant coconuts are also the most commonly used ingredients. Clay stove charcoal cooking is a unique cooking method in India. It is very particular about timing. When the furnace temperature reaches 600℃, the difference between cooking is one or two minutes, even one or two seconds, which will affect the success or failure of cooking. The meat made in this way does not need oil, and it is dipped in yogurt when eating. Before the food is served, the creaking charcoal fire and lingering fragrance have made your index finger move. In addition, in many parts of India, people like to hold food in a large shallow dish called "Tali". When dining with "Tali", do as the Romans do and taste it slowly. Wolfing it will only make the local people laugh. 4. Bronze Statue Ancient India is a mythical place with extremely developed religions and philosophies. Therefore, bronze statues in ancient India are often symbols of myths, religious idols and philosophical metaphors, which embody the spirit of the gods. The tradition of bronze statues in India is very long, which can be traced back to bronze dancers in the Indus era from about 2500 BC to 1500 BC. Brahmanism (the predecessor of Hinduism), Buddhism and Jainism appeared in succession in the 9th-6th century BC, which provided an eternal theme for ancient Indian art, including bronze statues. In the Middle Ages of India (7th-/Kloc-0th/3rd century), Indian bronze statues reached their peak. 5. Mathematical achievements Since the Halaba culture period, the ancient Indians used the decimal system, but there was no numerical method in the early days. It was not until the 7th century AD that ancient India began to count by numbers, but at the beginning, there was no "0" symbol, only a space was used to represent it. In the second half of the 9th century, the symbol of zero appeared and was written as ".". Decimal numerical method was adopted by many nationalities in Central Asia, then spread to Europe through Arabs, and gradually evolved into the universal "Arabic notation" in the world today. Therefore, Arabic numerals were not created by Arabs, but only played the role of communication. It was the ancient Indians who really contributed to Arabic numerals. The Criterion Sutra is the earliest extant ancient Indian mathematical work. It is a book about altar construction, written in the 5th ~ 4th century BC, which contains some knowledge about geometry. This book shows that they already knew Pythagorean theorem at that time and used pi as 3.09. Ancient Indians have used triangles in astronomical calculations. There are 66 articles about mathematics in the Collected Works of the Sage, which was written in 499 AD, including arithmetic operations, powers, roots and some laws of algebra, geometry and trigonometry. Saint also studied the problem of adding two irrational numbers and got the correct formula. In trigonometry, he introduced the positive vector function, and he calculated that π was 3. 14 16. The 7th ~13rd century was the most brilliant period of mathematics achievement in ancient India. The famous figures in this period were Brahma (about 589 ~? ), Nobita (9th century), Sri Toro (999 ~? ) and Zuo Ming (1 1 14 ~? )。 In about 628, Van Zang wrote Ming Fan Manxitanta, which discussed many mathematical problems in depth. Fan Zang was the first person to introduce the concept of negative number in ancient India, and he also proposed the calculation method of negative number. Fan Zang knew for a long time that zero was a number, but he mistook zero divided by zero or equal to zero. He put forward the understanding rules of general quadratic equation, obtained that the root of quadratic equation x+px-q=0 is Van Gogh, gave the integer solution of AX+BY = 0 and the processing method of indefinite equation AX+ 1 = Y, and his most important achievement was to get the correct formula for finding the final term and sequence of arithmetic progression. In geometry, Van Gogh has a correct formula for finding the area of a quadrilateral according to its side length, that is, S = √ (s-a) (s-b) (s-c) (√ stands for the root sign), S is the area of the quadrilateral, and a b c d is the length of each side. Nobita continued the work of his predecessors, and his main job was the essence of calculation. He realized that zero multiplied by any number is equal to zero, but he mistakenly thought that a number divided by zero is still equal to this number. Nobita's research on scores is also very meaningful. He realized that dividing one fraction by another was equivalent to multiplying the numerator and denominator of this fraction in reverse. Sritoro's existing mathematical works include the summary of algorithms, and it is said that he also has a book devoted to quadratic equations. His main job is to study the solution of quadratic equation. During this period, the greatest achievement in mathematics was Ming. The chapters on playfulness and factor algorithm in his "Almanac" reflect the highest achievement of ancient Indian mathematics and are the representative works of that period. Ming made a further study of zero and correctly pointed out that a number divided by zero is infinite. He continued to study the problem of solving quadratic equations, knowing that the square root of a number has two numbers, one positive and one negative. He also clearly pointed out that the square root of negative numbers is meaningless. Ming has made remarkable achievements in the research of indefinite equations, and he has solved many problems of finding integer solutions of indefinite equations with ingenious methods. Such as the following equations: 6x+2x = y, 5x- 100x=y, and he also gives two values of π, namely π = 3927/1250 = 3.1416 and π = 22/7 = 3.