Mulan was born in the early Western Han Dynasty. Mulan, originally surnamed Wei, was named Muluan. Father Wei Ying. During the reign of Emperor Wendi, the Huns invaded the south, and Mulan's hometown suffered greatly. In order to resist its aggression, Mulan disguised herself as a man and joined the army instead of her father. She was chased as a filial daughter after her death.
Are there any Mulan in history? According to Bai Juyi's poem "Strange as Hell, Mulan came to be a girl" and Du Mu's poem "A man and a woman bowed and had thrush in their dreams", Cheng Dachang affirmed that Mulan was a real person. Some people think Mulan's surname is Wei, others say her surname is Song, while most people think her surname is Hua. Some articles have verified that "Mulan" is the surname of Xianbei nationality, so it is concluded that Mulan is Xianbei nationality.
Some people think that the above statement can only show that later generations like the heroic image of Mulan, so the poem wrote "Mulan", but it is not enough to prove that Mulan really exists. Judging from the whole poem, Mulan is a girl's name. Otherwise, what reason is there to face the name of the son of heaven? Kay said that "Grandpa has no eldest son", which means "Mulan has no big brother". What do you think? Some people think that Mulan may not be a real person, but northerners are arrogant and martial, and horse riding and archery have become the norm, not only for men but also for women. Therefore, "Mulan Poetry" should be a similar fact, polished by many unknown authors, sung by folk artists and spread by people of all ethnic groups, becoming a systematic story poem, and Mulan is a typical figure shaped in people's real life.
As for the evaluation of Mulan's poems, some people think that Mulan's poems only describe a filial daughter who joined the army instead of her father and have no significance of the times. Mulan is only the protagonist in the story, not a hero; Mulan is just a girl who loves her children deeply and lacks the quality of working people. Some people think that Mulan poetry originated in the Northern Wei Dynasty. According to historical records, during the 90 years from 402 AD to 492 AD, there were 20 battles between the Northern Wei Dynasty and Rouran (that is, crawling). The historical background of Mulan's poems is probably the anti-predatory war against Rouran's invasion in the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the poem, the author not only praises Mulan's patriotic enthusiasm, but also expresses her noble sentiment of not enviing fame and wealth and loving peaceful life by returning to her hometown. Fan Wenlan pointed out in the revised General History of China: "Mulan described in the poem truly shows the heroism and noble morality of China women." "There was a poem of Wood and Stone in the Northern Wei Dynasty, which was enough to overwhelm all the noble poets in the Northern and Southern Dynasties."
Yin Shan (now Shaoxing), a beautiful southern water town, belongs to Qiu Jin, a patriotic woman in the late Qing Dynasty.
Hometown.
Qiu Jin's family feudalism is very strong. Her grandfather and father were both officials, so it is inseparable to open your mouth and shut up.
The cliche of feudal ethics.
When Qiu Jin was fourteen or fifteen years old, he was ambitious and brilliant, and he liked reading Liang Hongyu and Mu.
The heroine's story book is determined to win glory for women like them.
One day, Qiu Jin's cousin came to play with adults and talked. Sisters hate being women.
Children, without status and freedom, are like caged birds. Qiu Jin more listen to more feel uneven, angrily said:
"Women's intelligence is not necessarily worse than men's, just because women have no chance to learn and lack independence.
The ability to make a living depends on men to eat, and as a result, they are bullied. We should aspire to be strong. "
It was somehow known by Qiu Jin's father. With a sad face, he called Qiu Jin to him: "Woman.
Have you read the commandments? Do you remember? "
"I not only read Women's Commandments, but also Historical Records and Hanshu." Qiu Jin answered calmly.
"Well, read so many books? A woman without talent is a virtue. Have you forgotten this sentence? "
"Ban Zhao, who can write women's commandments and compile Hanshu, is a woman! There are also Cai Wenji, Xie Daowen,
Li Qingzhao is a talented woman. If it is said that' women without talent are virtuous', Han books can't be compiled. "
The father didn't expect his daughter to face him. He was about to lose his temper when a maid came in and said, "Uncle!
Here comes the master. "He got up and left his sleeves and hurried to meet the guests.
Qiu Jin looked at his father's back and muttered unconvinced: "Wrong is wrong, lose your temper."
Can you be acceptable? "
Sui and Tang Dynasties
Princess Pingyang
The Northern and Southern Dynasties were unified, but the troubled times were not over yet, and soon China was once again in a state of great division. This split is very short. It took only seven years for Emperor Wendi's nephew Li Yuan to defeat the heroes and unify the world again. To unify the whole country in such a short time, only Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang was better than Li Yuan in history. However, after Emperor Gaozu defeated Xiang Yu and proclaimed himself emperor, the whole country remained in turmoil. Emperor gaozu personally suppressed the rebellion until shortly before his death. This problem did not exist in the Tang Dynasty. This is mainly because Tang Gaozu Liyuan has a group of outstanding children. The greatest achievements of this group of children are Prince Li, the second son and the third daughter Princess Pingyang.
Princess Pingyang is Tang Gaozu's daughter. Of course, her surname is Li. But there is no record of her nickname in the official history. China's attitude towards women in history books was changed to one of the Five Dynasties. Five generations ago, no matter what kind of women, most of them would leave their names in the history books. Unless you are like the Mao Empress of the former Qin Dynasty, because the former Qin Dynasty existed for a short time, the historical records may be incomplete and there is no name left. But after the Song Dynasty, women's names were no longer publicly recorded in history books. The nobler a woman is, the more so. On the contrary, the so-called "female thief" is often called by her first name in history books. Old Tang Shu and New Tang Shu, which recorded Princess Pingyang's deeds, were written in the late Jin Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, but neither recorded Princess Pingyang's name or age. Therefore, those who wrote martial arts novels in later generations, such as Huang Yi, had to give her a messy name, called Li Xiuning.
Tang Gaozu Tang Gaozu * * * has 19 daughters, and Princess Pingyang is the third. Of course, these 19 daughters can't all be born to one mother. Princess Pingyang's mother is Dou Shi, the original match of Li Yuan. Li, Li Yuanji's mother. Speaking of this Dou Shi, he is also a strange girl.
Dou was a native of Jingzhao Ping Ling (now Xingping, Shaanxi), and his father Dou Yi was one of the eight marshals in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. This official name has no corresponding modern official name. In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, there were eight generals in the state of Zhuguo who commanded the officers and men of the whole country. Barely translated can be translated into the commander of the army. But in fact, the honor of this official title is greater than the actual power. So it is similar to the marshal who was sealed when this dynasty was established. ) My mother is princess royal, a native of Xiangyang, the sister of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Dou was very clever since he was a child and was deeply loved by Emperor Wu. She was left in the palace and raised by her own daughter. At that time, the world was three points, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty was the weakest. In order to get foreign aid, Emperor Wu married a Turkish princess as a queen. However, Emperor Wu was very dissatisfied with this political marriage and often let the Turkish princess stay in the house. Dou often persuades his uncle to be more patient. Doing a good job of marriage with Turks can eliminate the threat from the north and deal with Chen in the south and Beiqi in the east.
Soon, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty usurped the throne of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Dou said bitterly, "I hate that I am not a human being and can't kill my uncle's family." Her father was frightened and quickly covered her mouth: "Don't talk nonsense! This is the crime of killing the door! " However, Shawn Dou thinks that her daughter is not an idle generation, and of course she can't marry casually. So when the daughter talked about marriage, she gave up a way to fight for marriage. Of course, this contest is not like the martial arts novels, which set up an arena for everyone to go up and fight. Dou E unjustly drew two peacocks on the gate. Anyone who wants to marry someone must shoot two arrows from a hundred paces away. Whoever shoots a peacock in the eye with two arrows is called a son-in-law. According to official records, Li Yuan is a rather mediocre person. But he has no other benefits, and his archery is quite superb. Dozens of people came to take the exam, and only Li Yuan hit both arrows.
Dou became his wife after he married Li Yuan. Tang Gaozu had many wrinkles on his face, so Emperor Yang Di called Tang Gaozu "grandmother". Tang Gaozu was very unhappy when he came home. Dou asked the reason and immediately comforted: "This is a good sign. What you do is Tang Guogong, which is homophonic with Tang. Grandma is the head of the family, that is, the cousin. " At that time, the Golden Temple of the Emperor was also called Tang Ming. Dou Shi means that Li Yuan will become emperor in the future, replacing Yang Di.
As he grew up in the court, Dou has rich experience in court politics. Li Yuan raised many good horses, and Dou suggested that he dedicate them to the emperor who loved horses: "The emperor likes eagles and horses, as you know. Now you should give them to the emperor, not to yourself, or people will be framed. " Tang Gaozu was reluctant to part with his horse at first, but later he was really scolded by Emperor Yang Di, so he sold it soon. Dou Shi died at the age of forty-five, and Tang Gaozu thought carefully about his dead wife's words, which made sense. So he often sent horses and eagles to Emperor Yang Di. He was very happy and soon promoted Tang Gaozu to general. Li Yuan said to his children with tears, "If I had listened to your mother earlier, I would have become such an official."
I just want to explain why such a mediocre person as Li Yuan has outstanding children.
Yang Di is not a standard monarch of subjugation. His literary talent and military talent will never be lost to any famous monarch in history, at least not to Li Shimin. These two men were not princes before they came to power, and they both had excellent reputations. They all made unparalleled contributions and came to power through bloody coups. After taking office, the initial civil and military were similar. The problem is that Emperor Yang Di is not as modest as Li Shimin, but more ambitious than him. This led him to dig the Grand Canal and expedition to North Korea regardless of national strength. As a result, the world was in chaos. I also lost my head in Jiangdu.
In this chaotic situation, Ethan's chances of winning were not so great at first. His territory is on the remote Shanxi border, far away from the capital Chang 'an and the eastern capital Luoyang. His troops are also insufficient, but only 10 thousand people. Every day, I have to face the Turkish attack. Most importantly, all his family members are in Chang 'an, and only one second son, Li Shimin, accompanies him. If he rises to revolt, his family will be in danger at once. However, the attraction of the throne exceeds any kind of affection. With the encouragement of people around him, including Li Shimin, Li Yuan set out in May 65438 (July 665438).
As all the family members of Li Yuan were detained in Chang 'an, he dared not publicly claim to be king or emperor. He announced that he had led his troops out of his defense to meet the need that Emperor Yang Di was trapped in Jiangdu. But his marching route is not Jiangdu in the southeast, but Chang 'an in the west. Even Tang gaozu himself said that it was "stealing the bell." Of course, it is even harder to fool the officials of the Sui Dynasty who stayed in Chang 'an. Chang 'an immediately ordered the arrest of Li Yuan's family. The arrested list includes Li Yuan's third daughter Princess Pingyang and her husband Chai Shao.
This Mr. Chai Shao ranked 14 among the 24 outstanding figures in Lingyange in Tang Dynasty. He has an outstanding strategy and is good at winning more with less. He was also included in the extermination of Xue Ju, Liu Wuzhou, Wang and Dou Jiande. Destroy the last opponent of the Tang Dynasty, Liang, who is still the main commander in chief. Li Heyou said in a poem, "Why don't people take Wu Gou and take fifty states in Guanshan? If you are a scholar Wan Huhou, please go to Lingyange temporarily! ? "But 13 years, Chai Shao did not have such heroism in his poems. Hearing the order to arrest him, he ran away at once. Before running, he said to his wife, "Your father has rebelled. I want to meet him. We can't escape together. If I leave you here, I'm afraid you will be in danger. What do you say? " What he means is that his wife belongs to the Li family, fearing that he is too ambitious and has a greater chance of running alone. How clever Princess Pingyang is, of course, she can see the subtext. However, her courage is much greater than her husband's, and she immediately said, "You can go alone, so I can hide. I have my own way." So Chai Shao fled alone with a clear conscience.
Princess Pingyang said that she is a woman, and it is easy for people to hide, but it is only to broaden the heart of firewood, but she does have her own plans. After Chai Shao left, Princess Pingyang immediately set off for Lee's manor in Lingxian County (now Huxian County, Shaanxi Province), disguised as a man, claiming to be Li Gongzi, selling jobs and recruiting soldiers, and openly confronting the imperial court. There was chaos in the world. Although Chang 'an was still in the hands of the Sui Dynasty, bandits were everywhere in the surrounding counties. The leader of the largest group is He Panren, a conference semifinal from the Western Regions, who has tens of thousands of people under his command. Princess Pingyang sent his son Ma to persuade Pan Ren to surrender. I don't know what means Ma Sanbao used. He Panren, who is far more powerful than Princess Pingyang, is willing to be the hand of Princess Pingyang. This is very similar to what Mao collected and Yuan collected when he first went to Jinggangshan. Mao of this dynasty is familiar with historical facts. I wonder if he thought about this history at that time.
Closer to home, Princess Pingyang took He Panren, followed by bandits such as Xiang, Qiu Shili, and her power increased greatly. During this period, the imperial court sent troops to attack Princess Pingyang. Princess Pingyang not only repelled every attack, but also took the opportunity to expand the results, and successively captured Lingxian, Wugong, Zhouzhi and Shiping counties. The team has also expanded to more than 70 thousand people. Princess Pingyang's men are all murderous robbers. Without some real skills, even men can't stop them. What's more, the source of troops comes from the original system that is not unified. Being able to turn the collected rabble into an invincible force in a short time and achieve such a great record, Princess Pingyang's organizational ability and command ability are really outstanding.
In September 6 17, Li Yuan crossed the Yellow River and entered the customs. At this time, he was very happy to find that Princess Pingyang had laid a large territory for him in Guanzhong. He sent Chai Shao to see Princess Pingyang. Husband and wife meet, I wonder if Chai Shao will blush when he sees his wife in such a beautiful scenery? Next, Princess Pingyang selected more than 10,000 soldiers to join hands with Li Shimin on the north bank of Weihe River to attack Chang 'an. Chai Shao belongs to Li Shimin's subordinates, equivalent to Princess Pingyang. Husband and wife each receive an army and each has its own headquarters (shogunate). Princess Pingyang's more than 10,000 elite soldiers are called "female soldiers". 165438+1October 9, captured Chang 'an.
Princess Pingyang's action in Guanzhong is of great significance to the establishment of the Li and Tang Dynasties. As I said before, Ethan is a very mediocre person. Although ambitious, he belongs to the ruthless and fearless people. I once encountered a little setback and wanted to retreat back to Taiyuan's old nest. Thanks to Li Shimin's persuasion, he was able to move forward. Before crossing the Yellow River, he had been fighting against Qu Tutong, the general of Sui Dynasty. Later, Li Shimin's plan was adopted to contain Qu Tutong with a small number of troops, and the main force directly tackled the problem. If there is no princess Pingyang to meet in Guanzhong, this move will be alone and the risk is great. If the attack on Chang 'an is unfavorable, the posterior route will be cut off by Qu Tutong, and it will really become a turtle in a jar.
After the Chang 'an War, Princess Pingyang's deeds can no longer be seen in the history books. It was not until the beginning of February in the sixth year of Wude (AD 623) six years later that her death was suddenly recorded in the history books. The reason why she remembered this stroke was mainly because her funeral was different, and she was buried with a military ceremony (before and after the feather biography, the raft was built, the class was forty, and the warrior was the pawn). Why, as analyzed before, China's historical records always look down on women, especially those who took troops out? Ancient books have been repeatedly deleted and revised. This is probably how Princess Pingyang's deeds were lost. However, according to the clues in various historical books, we can still outline the situation in these six years.
First of all, it is certain that Princess Pingyang continued to lead troops to fight for the Tang Dynasty after the capture of Chang 'an. Although Tang Gaozu conquered Chang 'an, he only roughly controlled half of Guanzhong. He was surrounded by the enemy. After conquering Chang 'an, Li Yuan immediately faced Xue Ju and Li Gui in Liangzhou (now Wuwei, Gansu), which owns the land of Longxi. From July of the first year of Tang Wude, Xue Ju sent troops to defeat Tang Jun in the shallow plain. By February, Li Gui was captured and occupied five counties in Hexi, and Li Yuan finally pacified Guanzhong and the west. Just relieved, Liu Wuzhou copied Tang Gaozu's back road and captured Tang Gaozu's lair in Shaanxi. Tang Gaozu ordered Li Shimin to conquer. It took Li Shimin nearly two years to defeat Liu Wuzhou and recapture Shaanxi. The battle to establish is the battle to destroy the king. In this battle, Tang Jun attacked Dayuan and killed Dou Jiande who came to save the king. Chai Shao took part in all these battles. It is not in line with her character to say that Princess Pingyang is living in peace in Chang 'an at this time. As an outstanding general, she will certainly take part in these decisive battles that determine the fate of Datang. After the fall of Dou Jiande, the rest pushed Liu Heita as the main force. In July of the fourth year of Wude (AD 62 1 year), Zhang Nan (now the old city of Hebei) rose up against the Tang Dynasty, and Xu Yuanlang and Gao Kaidao also rose up and responded. They joined the Turks in the north and returned to Dou Jiande in less than half a year. Princess Pingyang's main task at this time is to defend the Li family's stronghold in Shanxi. She is stationed in Niangziguan.
Niangziguan is located at the west mouth of Jingxing Mountain on the west side of Taihang Mountain, on Mianshan Mountain in the northeast of Pingding County, Shanxi Province, bordering Hebei Province, and is the throat of Shanxi Province. Originally known as Weizeguan, it was renamed Niangziguan because Princess Pingyang led tens of thousands of "female soldiers" stationed here. Jingxing is the shortest route between Jinzhong and Jizhong, and it is the route taken by Han Xin to destroy Zhao at the end of Qin Dynasty. Shanxi is the barrier between the Central Plains and Guanzhong area. Without Shanxi, the Central Plains and Guanzhong area would be unstable. Princess Pingyang led troops to Niangziguan to prevent the enemy from entering Shanxi from Jingxing.
Princess Pingyang could not have been stationed here before Liu Wuzhou was defeated and Shanxi was recovered, so Princess Pingyang first entered Niangziguan in the fourth year of Wude (AD 62 1). So what was she doing before? In the war, of course. Every day without fighting, how could Li Yuan let Princess Pingyang idle for more than three years and then suddenly start fighting?
The reason why Princess Pingyang finally died is not recorded in the history books. Li Shimin was born in 599 AD. In 6 17 AD, when Li Yuan started his army, 18 years old, Li Shimin was 28 years old, 17 years old or so, and Li Yuanji 16 years old, about 2 years younger than him. If Princess Pingyang is Li Shimin's sister, she should be at least 16 years old. No matter how small it is, it is impossible to grab territory for dad in Guanzhong. But 16 years old is unlikely. Because unless she and Li Yuanji are twins, few people can have one every three years. So she is most likely Li's sister and her sister. Ethan should be between the ages of 20 and 26 when he started fighting. In this way, by 623, her age should be between 26 and 32. If she were Li Shimin's sister, she would be only 22 years old when she died. Although the life span of the ancients was not long. But for a powerful military commander, it seems unlikely that he will get sick when he dies at such an age. Combined with the military salute when she died, it is boldly speculated that she should have died after returning to Chang 'an in death or serious injury.
There are two possibilities for her to die in battle. One possibility is that he died fighting the Turks. At that time, there was civil strife in China, and Beiyang warlords, including Li Yuan, formed an alliance with the Turks. Use Turks to attack their enemies. Turks don't take the alliance seriously, and they often invade. Shanxi is an area frequently invaded by Turks. Another possibility is that he was killed in the battle to destroy Liu Heita. In June 65438 +065438 +622 10, Li Yuan sent Li to crusade against Liu Heita, and the two sides began to draw a line. It was not until February 25th of 10 that it was completely defeated. Princess Pingyang's mother, who is stationed in the front line, will of course lead troops to war. So there is a great possibility of death in this battle. If he dies at this time, it will take almost half a month for his body to be transported back to Chang 'an. As a princess, it took almost half a month to prepare for the burial. Then the time is the same.
There were many powerful women in the Tang Dynasty, especially princesses. Princess Pingyang opened the atmosphere first, then Princess Taiping, Princess Anle and so on. But in terms of talent and merit, it can't compare with Princess Pingyang.
Female generals Mu, She Taijun and Yangmen, after the death of their husbands and sons, can still fight against foreign enemies and have been respected by the people of China for thousands of years.
Qiu Jin, female, formerly known as Qiuboudoir Jin, whose real name is Xuanqing (Xuanqing); No, Wu Dan, neither. The woman who built the lake. Originally from Yin Shan, Zhejiang (now Shaoxing), he was born in Xiamen, Fujian. He despised feudal ethics and advocated equality between men and women, and often used Hua Mulan and Qin Liangyu as metaphors. A sex hero, practicing martial arts, likes men's clothing. In the 20th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1894), when his father Qiu Jin was the general manager of Xiangxiang County, he betrothed Qiu Jin to Wang Tingjun, Ye He Township, Shuangfeng County. In the twenty-second year of Guangxu, Qiu married the king. Wang Tingjun opened a "Yiyuan Pawnshop" in Xiangtan, while Qiu Jin lived in Xiangtan most of the time and often went back to her husband's house. In the autumn of this year, Qiu Jin returned to Shen Chong for the first time, and recited his "Worried People" in front of many relatives and friends who congratulated him: "When will the bonfire of Youyan stop? I heard that the war between China and foreign countries has not stopped; If you are worried about your country and hate your country, who will be easy to take care of "to show concern for the people and the country and be respected by the local people." "
"When there is only one revolutionary left in the street, this revolutionary must be a woman." This is a famous saying of Luxembourg, an international female leader. It shows that women are more loyal and persistent to their beliefs.
We are familiar with the female martyrs, such as Zhao Yiman, Eight Women who voted for Jiang, Jiang Jie, Liu Hulan and so on. , are female heroes. But as a modern female revolutionary in China, Qiu Jin was the first. Qiu Jin was four years younger than Luxemburg, but he died early 12 years.