1. Establishment of major dynasties
The founder of the dynasty was named the capital.
Sui Wendi Sui Wendi Chang 'an
Tang Liyuan Tang Gaozu Chang 'an (now Xi 'an)
Kublai Khan's Yuan Shizu Metropolis in Yuan Dynasty (now Beijing)
Zhu Mingyuan Zhang, Ming Taizu Yingtian, and Beijing.
Huang taiji of Qing dynasty in Beijing
2. Main political system
Three provinces and six departments: established in Sui and Tang Dynasties, including Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province, among which Shangshu Province has six departments.
Examination system: a system of selecting officials through examinations founded by the Sui Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the main objects of imperial examinations were Ming Jing and Jinshi.
Provincial system: established in the Yuan Dynasty, the central government set up provincial libraries and local governments set up provincial libraries.
Factory Health Service: Established in Ming Dynasty, it mainly includes "Wei Jinyi" established by Ming Taizu and "East Factory" established by Ming Chengzu.
Eight-part essay selection: the imperial examination system in Ming dynasty, the examination scope is "four books and five classics", and the article is called "eight-part essay", which is very harmful to scholars.
Military Aircraft Division: The establishment of Yong Zhengdi in Qing Dynasty was mainly to strengthen imperial power.
3. Famous prosperous times and emperors
The Rule of Zhenguan: The Legacy of Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong: Wu Zetian Kaiyuan Shi Sheng: The Decline and Glory of Emperor Xuanzong in the Early Years of Tang Dynasty: Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong.
4. Three poets in Song Dynasty and their representative works
Su Shi: Nian Nujiao. Red Cliff Nostalgia, Mink Head. When did the moon begin to appear?
Li Qingzhao: Like a dream. Last night, the rain suddenly dispersed and the sound slowed down. Looking for it.
Xin Qiji: Bodhisattva Xia. Write a wall in Jiangxi province; Break the front line. Look at the sword with a lamp drunk.
5. Four great inventions:
Papermaking, printing, gunpowder, compass
6. Four classic novels and authors
Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Luo Guanzhong), Water Margin (Shi Naian), The Journey to the West (Wu Cheng'en) and Dream of Red Mansions (Cao Xueqin).
7. People and achievements
Li Chun. Bi Sheng, Zhao Zhouqiao. Movable type printing Sun Simiao. Sima guang recorded the powder formula. Purple tongzhi sword hall Han Qing. Yuan.
Li Shizhen: Compendium of Materia Medica; Song Ying Xing: Tiangong Kaiwu; Zheng He: Seven voyages to the Western Ocean.
8. Textbook problem solving
1) Why did the Sui Dynasty unify the north and the south? P 1
A: Objective conditions: ① For a long time, due to the great integration of the northern nationalities, the ethnic contradictions between the north and the south gradually disappeared;
(2) The economic development in the south of the Yangtze River and the narrowing of the gap between the north and the south provided material conditions for the Sui Dynasty to unify the whole country;
After a long war, the broad masses of people long for reunification. (4) The decline of the Chen regime in the Southern Dynasties. The subjective condition is the strength of the Sui Dynasty.
Significance: The unification of the Sui Dynasty ended the separatist regime for more than 270 years since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty and created the "great unification" of the Sui and Tang Dynasties for more than 370 years. It was after the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Western Jin Dynasty that the feudal society in China moved from division to unity for the third time, which laid the foundation for the prosperity and development of economy and culture.
2) The poet in the Tang Dynasty said, "The death of Tao Sui is a river, and it has traveled thousands of miles since then. If there is no water temple dragon boat, it is indispensable. " Do you agree with this statement? Please tell me your reasons. P3
Answer: ① I agree. The excavation of the Grand Canal has played a great role in economic and cultural exchanges between the North and the South and consolidated national unity, and it is also beneficial today. ② No, after the Grand Canal was dug, the tyranny embodied in Xiajiangdu led to the rapid demise of Sui. (Choose an answer from ① and ②)
3) Compare the Sui Dynasty with the Qin Dynasty to see what similarities they have. P4
A: ① ② They all formed far-reaching systems, such as the county system in Qin Dynasty and the imperial examination system in Sui Dynasty. (3) World-famous projects have been built, such as the Great Wall of Qin and the Grand Canal of Sui. (4) Everything perished because of tyranny.
4) The imperial examination system provides opportunities for ordinary intellectuals to be officials and participate in politics. Talk about your views on learning and being an official.
A: ① The positive side of the imperial examination system provided opportunities for scholars to become officials. But it is convenient for rulers to control intellectuals and make them slaves, which is not conducive to the development of the country, economy and science and technology.
5) Talk about your views on the change of Xuanwu people. P6
A: ① It is a struggle for power and interests within the royal family; (2) It embodies Li Shimin's extraordinary military and political talents, and shows that he is the leader of the people. (3) It prevented the division within the ruling class in the Tang Dynasty, and laid the foundation for stabilizing the political situation and unifying the whole country in the future.
6) think about it. What other stories do you know about Tang Taizong's appointment of capable ministers? What can we learn from it? P7
7) According to historical records, Emperor Taizong was overjoyed to see the new Jinshi filed out. "All the heroes in the world have fallen into my trap!" What fact do you think this sentence reflects? P8
A: The imperial examination system provides intellectuals with opportunities to participate in politics and serve as officials, but it represents the system of selecting officials of the landlord class and serves the rulers.
8) What is "the rule of Zhenguan"? How did the situation of "Zhenguan rule" emerge? P9
9) Discuss why there are wordless tablets in front of Wu Zetian's tomb. Tell me your theory. P 12
10) what are the common characteristics of early employment of Emperor Taizong, Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong? P 13
1 1) Do you think, why didn't Emperor Taizong kill Jie Li Khan, but gave him preferential treatment? P 17
12) In-laws are an important form of friendly exchanges between the Han nationality and ethnic minorities. Think about it, apart from Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng, which other Han princesses in history have married the leaders of border ethnic minorities? P 19
13) What contribution has Jian Zhen made to Sino-Japanese friendship? What do you feel most from his deeds? P23
14) Do you know the story of Tang Priest's Buddhist scriptures? Please talk about the connection and difference between this story and historical facts. P24
15) Why was there an unprecedented situation in foreign exchanges in the Tang Dynasty? P25
16) What do Zhongxin and Xuanzang have in common? P25
Observe the Zhao Zhouqiao diagram and tell me what its characteristics are. P26
18) Printing was once known as the "mother of civilization" of mankind. Imagine if there were no printing, what difficulties would our study and cultural life have? P27
19) What are the noble medical ethics in Sun Simiao? What are his ideas about health preservation worth inheriting and carrying forward? P29
20) What were the leading scientific and technological achievements in the Sui and Tang Dynasties? P29
1300 years later, Zhao Zhouqiao still stands tall. Think about it, what is the value of its existence today? P30
22) What are the characteristics of Li Bai's and Du Fu's poems? What other poems have you read? P32
23) Considering the local natural and geographical conditions, what are the reasons why the murals in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes are still well preserved after more than 1000 years? P33
24) List the major literary and artistic achievements in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. P35
25) What is the significance of unifying the Central Plains and the South in the Northern Song Dynasty? P42
26) think about it. What contribution did Liao and Xixia make to the development of China history? P44
27) What enlightenment did you get from the victory of the defending war in Tokyo to the occurrence of the "Jingkang Change"? P46
28) On the stone pillar in front of Yue Fei's tomb, there is a pair of couplets: "Good and evil are the same as ice and charcoal since ancient times. Now, let's evaluate their names." What does this mean? What does this mean? P48
29) Think about it, what are the world-leading achievements of handicraft industry in Song Dynasty? P5 1
30) When will the economic center of gravity move south? What is the reason for moving south? P54
3 1) The earliest paper money appeared in the Song Dynasty. What are the advantages of paper money compared with metal money? P54
32) Genghis Khan is known as "a generation of tianjiao". Do you think it's appropriate? Please explain the reason. P55
33) Discuss, what is the historical significance of the unification of the Yuan Dynasty? P58
34) Briefly describe the reasons and manifestations of great ethnic integration in Yuan Dynasty.
9. The best in China
★ The only female emperor in the history of China is Wu Zetian.
★ The best preserved and oldest single-hole stone bridge in the world is Zhao Zhouqiao.
★ The earliest block printing with exact date in the world is the Diamond Sutra in the Tang Dynasty.
★ The ancient imperial examination system and the system of three provinces and six departments in China began in the Sui Dynasty.
Gunpowder was first used in the military in the late Tang Dynasty.
★ The earliest existing complete code in our country is "On the Laws of the Tang Dynasty".
★ The person who recorded the gunpowder formula for the first time was Sun Simiao.
★ The compass was first used in navigation in the Song Dynasty.
★ The earliest paper money in the world is the Jiaozi of the Northern Song Dynasty.
★ The first chronicle general history in the history of China is The Lessons Learned from Mutual Learning compiled by Sima Guang.
★ The earliest guide instrument was Sina in the Warring States Period.
★ The earliest inventor of movable type printing is Bi Sheng.
★ The first unified feudal dynasty established by ethnic minorities in the history of China was the Yuan Dynasty.
★ Hui ethnic minorities began to form in the Yuan Dynasty.
★ Provincial administrative divisions, the highest local administrative organization in China, began in the Yuan Dynasty.
★ The earliest ocean voyage in the world was Zheng He's voyage to the West.
★ China's earliest historical novel is Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
★ The novel known as the pinnacle of China's classical novels is A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin.
★ The Great Wall whose building scale and quality have reached the highest level in history is the Ming Great Wall.
★ The largest and most complete existing ancient architectural complex in China is the Forbidden City.
★ The germination of China's modernization began at the end of Ming Dynasty.
Review materials of historical geography in the first semester.
● In 581year, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty seized the Northern Zhou regime, established the Sui Dynasty, and made Chang 'an its capital.
● In 589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and unified the north and south.
Since 605, Emperor Yang Di has opened a Grand Canal that runs through the north and south.
● The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty is centered on Luoyang, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers, from Zhuo Jun in the north to Yuhang in the south. This is the longest canal in the ancient world.
● The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty was divided into four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Han River, Jiangnan River and five rivers, namely Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.
In 618, Emperor Yang Di was killed by the Ministry in Jiangdu, and the Sui Dynasty perished.
● In 618, Li Yuan set out to fight against Sui in Taiyuan and entered Chang 'an to establish the Tang Dynasty.
The only female emperor in the history of China was Wu Zetian, who proclaimed herself emperor in her later years and changed her title to Zhou.
● Emperor Taizong attached importance to developing production and reducing farmers' tax and labor; Pay attention to the role of talents and be open-minded to teach. He appointed Du Ruhui, who was resourceful and good at breaking great events, as Prime Minister and called him "Fang Mou Du Duan". Reuse outspoken Wei Zhi as a famous remonstrator.
● During the reign of Emperor Taizong, the politics was relatively clear, the economy developed rapidly, and the national strength gradually increased. Historically, the rule at that time was called "the rule of chastity".
● The world's first tea monograph "Tea Classic" appeared in the Tang Dynasty, and the author Lu Yu was called "Tea God" by later generations.
● Yao Chong was promoted by Wu Zetian and appointed as the prime minister by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty.
● The ceramic industry developed significantly in the Tang Dynasty, among which Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain and Tang Sancai were the most famous. Tri-colored Tang Dynasty is a treasure of world craft.
During the Tang Dynasty, China's metropolises were Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Chengdu.
● Chang 'an City is divided into Fangcheng and residential areas, and the city is a bustling business district.
● Chang 'an was not only a national exchange center at that time, but also an international metropolis.
● The reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, which was called "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" in history.
● The selection of officials in the subject examination method began in the period of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty. When Yang Dishi was in Sui Dynasty, Jinshi was formally established, and talents were selected according to examination results.
● There were many permanent examination subjects in the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty, among which Jinshi and Mingjing were the most important.
● The figures who perfected the imperial examination system in Tang Dynasty were Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian.
● The imperial examination system lasted for more than 1,300 years in China feudal society, and it was not abolished until the late Qing Dynasty.
● During the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong and Wu Zetian, the government successively set up the highest administrative and military institutions to govern the western regions in Xinjiang today.
● At the beginning of the 7th century, the outstanding Tibetan Songzan Gambo unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and made its capital more logical.
● In the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Songzan Gambu, which strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between Tang and Fan and enhanced the friendly relations between China and Tibet.
● In the 8th century, the Tang Dynasty married Princess Jincheng to Tubo. At this point, Tubo and the Tang Dynasty have been "harmonious as one family".
● In the early and middle period of the 8th century, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty named Huihe as Huairen Khan, and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty named Mohe as the king of Bohai County. Xuanzong made Nanzhao king of Yunnan. Inferior/secondary
● During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was active in foreign exchanges and had contacts with some countries in Asia, Africa and Europe.
In the Tang Dynasty, China had frequent contacts with Tianzhu, and the most outstanding messenger was the monk Xuanzang. He devoted himself to the translation of Buddhist scriptures, and also wrote "The Western Regions of Datang ● Xuanzong". At the invitation of Japanese monks, Jian Zhen traveled eastward to Japan, and it was not until the sixth time that he succeeded. Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty was considered as the largest city in the world.
Many Silla businessmen came to China to do business, and the Tang Dynasty imported Silla specialties for the first time.
Zhao Zhouqiao, designed and built by Li Chun, an outstanding craftsman in Sui Dynasty, is the oldest stone arch bridge in the world.
● The Diamond Sutra, printed in the Tang Dynasty, is the earliest existing block-printed product with exact date in the world.
Sun Simiao, an outstanding medical scientist in the Tang Dynasty, devoted his life to writing Qian Jin Fang, which was called "King of Medicine" by the later Buddha.
● Grottoes developed greatly during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the most famous of which is Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes in western Gansu today.
●/kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, Bao Zheng, the leader of the Khitan, unified the ministries of the Khitan, established the Khitan State, and made Beijing its capital.
●165438+At the beginning of the 20th century, Yuan Hao, the leader of the Tangut, was called the Emperor of Daxia, with its capital in Xingqing and Xixia as its history.
Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the Zhou Dynasty, launched a mutiny in Chen Qiaoyi at the end of 960 A.D. and established Tokyo, the capital of the Song Dynasty, known as the Northern Song Dynasty in history.
● 1 127 Zhao Gou ascended the throne with its capital in Lin 'an, which is known as the Southern Song Dynasty.
Yue Fei, a famous anti-Jin star in Southern Song Dynasty, defeated Jin Jun in Weicheng and recovered many lost lands.
● The shipbuilding industry in the Song Dynasty ranked first in the world. The shipbuilding industry in Guangzhou and Quanzhou in the southeast coast is developed.
Zhancheng Rice, an excellent variety introduced from Vietnam in the Tang Dynasty, was rapidly popularized in the south of the Yangtze River. Rice jumped to the top of grain output in the Song Dynasty, mainly produced in the south. Cotton planting has expanded from Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian to the Yangtze River basin. Tea trees are planted in hilly areas south of the Yangtze River.
● In the Northern Song Dynasty, the silk products of Shu were named Koutianxia. Silk production in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces is very high, and many silks used by the imperial court come from Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.