(1) Understanding: Major European countries have established capitalist systems and the industrial revolution has developed rapidly. However, Russia still continues czarist autocracy politically and serfdom economically. (4 points) Status: 186 1 was a top-down bourgeois reform, which promoted the modernization of Russian society (or put Russia on the road of capitalist development). (4 points)

(2) Russia has established local and urban self-government institutions with reference to the western bourgeois representative system model. The reform of the judicial system has promoted the legalization of Russian politics. (Answer specific measures) Focus: changes in the national structure (answer productivity). (6 points)

Test analysis: This question examines students' ability to mobilize and apply what they have learned, as well as their ability to summarize and summarize materials. (1) Combined with the international environment at that time after the Crimean War. After the first industrial revolution, all major capitalist countries established capitalist systems, while Russia was still under the rule of the czar. This is the expression of "progress" and "stagnation" in the text. 186 1 The status of reform can be answered according to its influence. (2) Answer according to the textbook knowledge, but pay attention to the "political" angle.