Homer's epic is the earliest epic in Greece, including Heriat and Odyssey. Legend has it that it was written by Homer, a blind poet, but it actually originated from folk oral literature. Hiriart(？ , ilias, Iliad, and the translator Elian, now translated Iliad. ) is a long narrative poem by Homer (800- 600 BC), a blind poet in ancient Greece. It is an important ancient Greek literary work and one of the classics of the whole West.
Introduction to the Iliad
* * * Twenty-four volumes (divided by later generations) 15693 lines, with each volume ranging in length from 429 to 999 lines. Although the epic Iliad is based on the legend of the Trojan War, it begins with an infighting after the Greek allied forces besieged Troy for nine years and ten months, and ends with Hecktor's funeral. It was the myth of the golden apple that caused the war, which was mentioned in its description of Helen and Paris. The fall of Trojan Horse and Trojan City can be seen in Odysseus' memory of the past.
What is the first sentence of the Iliad? Achilles' anger is my theme? . Achilles, the general of the Greek Coalition forces, was as fierce as fire. He showed anger twice. The epic writes that the war has been going on for nine years and ten months, and the outcome is still unpredictable. At this time, the Greek Coalition forces clashed because of the plague. The plague was caused by Agamemnon, commander-in-chief of the Allied Forces, who refused to return a female prisoner, because the female prisoner was the daughter of the priest Apollo, the sun god. When the priest of Apollo asked Agamemnon to return his daughter, he begged Apollo to punish the Greek Coalition forces. The spread of the plague would make the Greek allied forces out of control, so Achilles asked Agamemnon to return the female prisoners to prevent the plague from spreading further. Agamemnon reluctantly returned the female prisoner, but unjustly took away another female prisoner originally assigned to Achilles. As compensation for his loss, Achilles angrily refused to participate in the war.
In the Greek Coalition, only Achilles is Hecktor's opponent, so his refusal to participate in the war will inevitably lead to the failure of the Greek Coalition. In this case, the Greek Coalition forces could not resist the counterattack of the Trojan army, so they had to retreat and stick to the warships by the sea, where they built a defensive barrier. Agamemnon regretted his injustice to Achilles and had to send Odysseus and another Greek general to make peace with him. But he was still very angry and resolutely refused to return to the war. Achilles lent his armor and war horse to his friend Patroclus only when the Trojan army broke through the barriers of the Greek allied forces and set fire to their warships, so that Patroclus could go to meet the enemy. Although Patroclus repelled the Trojan attack, he was finally killed by Hecktor, so the armor that Achilles lent him was also lost. This armor was originally made by his mother, the goddess thetis, who hired a craftsman. The death of his comrades-in-arms and the loss of his armor aroused Achilles' second anger and made him reconcile with Agamemnon. After his mother asked craftsmen to make new armor for him, he returned to the battlefield and finally killed Hecktor, winning a decisive victory. In revenge, he abused Hector's body. The father of hector, the old king of Troy, knelt in front of Achilles and repeatedly begged for the redemption of his son's body. All the Trojans mourned and buried hector. The epic is over.
Excerpts from wonderful books
Silver bow god, protector of Kelsey and sacred Silas, supreme monarch of Tenedos! Last time I wrote, I got your favor: you took care of me and gave the Southern Army a great blow. Now, please grant my second wish and save the people of Dannan from the terrible disaster. ? The old man prayed like this, and Phobos Apollo heard him.
After prayer, the sacrificial grain was sown. They moved the cow's head back, cut its throat, skinned it, cut pieces of meat from its legs, rolled it up with fat and stuck raw meat on it. The old priest burned meat on the wood and poured red wine on the flame; The young men surrounded him with five forks in their hands. When the beef legs are cooked and the entrails are tasted, they cut the rest into small pieces, string them on the labels, and bake them thoroughly before taking them down.
When it was over and the food was ready, they began to munch. Everyone has an equal share. After eating and drinking enough, the waiter filled the mixing bowl with wine, poured a few drops into everyone's cup first, and then poured them for everyone to drink. This group of young southern soldiers have been having fun, singing beautiful songs and praising the great bow god. Apollo was very happy to hear that.
The sun went down and it got dark. They all lay by the boat cable and slept. But once the dawn's bare hands lit up the east, they drove back to the camp of the Danan people and took advantage of the downwind given to them by the bow god. They put up the mast and raised the white sail. The sails were full of wind and swelled, so the ship broke through the waves and the black waves hissed against the bow. In this way, they returned to Da Nan camp, pulled the black boat to the beach, propped it up with high poles, and then went back to their cabins and boats.
Meanwhile, the great runner Achilles, the prince of Perus, sat beside his clipper, full of anger. Not only did he not take part in the battle, but he also did not attend the meeting. It was a place where people could make a name for themselves. He sat there motionless, full of anger, eager to hear the roar of war.
? Get up, my Lord. He said,? Commander of the Trojan Army and runner-up of achaean, please go to the plain for a truce. The soldiers of Paris and Menelaus will fight for Helen with spears. The winner will get Helen and property, and the rest will conclude a peace treaty. According to this peace treaty, we will stay in Troy with deep soil, and the enemy will drive wild horses back to Argos's home, carrying many beautiful women back to Achaia. ?
Hearing this, the old man felt a quiver in his heart, but he still ordered his men to prepare the car. They obeyed immediately. Poullien got into the car and pulled the reins. Antino also boarded the splendid chariot and stood beside him. They drove a team of fast horses out of Scanman and headed for the plain.
When they came to the place where the two armies met, they got out of the chariot, stood on the earth where everything was born, and went to a place between the Trojans and achaean. King Agamemnon and resourceful Odysseus stood up at once. The solemn announcer gathered the sacrifices, mixed the wine in the bowl and poured some water on the king's hand. King Agaminon pulled out the knife that had been inserted beside the scabbard and cut some hair from the sheep's head. Reporters distributed wool to the captains of the Trojan Army and the runners-up in achaean. Then Agaminon raised his hands and prayed loudly so that everyone could hear him. ? Father Zeus, the most glorious and greatest god who ruled the world from Ada Mountain; And you, the sun god, nothing in the world can escape your eyes and ears; You river gods and earth gods; Your god rules the underworld, and you punish the souls of the dead for their false oaths; Please write down our vows so that all of us can keep them. If Paris kills Menelaus and lets him leave Helen and her belongings, we will sail. However, if Menelaus with red hair killed Paris, the Trojans had to hand over Helen and all her belongings, and only gave Argos proper compensation. Its scale was unforgettable for future generations. If Paris is killed and Priam and his son refuse to pay compensation, I will stay here and fight for compensation until the end of the war. ?
Then Agami cut the throats of two sheep with a ruthless steel knife and threw them on the ground to catch his breath. They died after a few blows, and the copper knife ended their lives. Then he scooped out the wine from the bowl with a cup; When drinking wine on the ground, I only pray to the gods who have existed since ancient times. The trojans who stared intently prayed to the gods, and their prayers were all like this:? The most glorious and greatest Zeus, and your other immortal gods, if any party violates this treaty, may their brains be covered with such wine. Not only they but also their children. May foreigners have their wives. ? They are so eager for peace, but Zeus has no intention of achieving peace yet.
Poullien, a Danish, is now speaking. ? Trojans and armored achaean? He said,? Listen, I'm going back to Wendy Ilya now, because I can't bear to watch my son fight the terrible Menelaus. All I can think of is that Zeus and other immortal gods must know which of them deserves to die. ?
After the noble king said a word, he put two sheep in the car, jumped on the car himself and pulled the reins. Antino also boarded the splendid chariot and stood beside him. The two of them drove back to Ilya.
Poullien's son heckert and the admirable Odysseus surveyed the land and threw two dice on the bronze helmet to decide who would throw the bronze gun first. The two armies staring intently raised their hands and prayed to the gods. Their prayers are all like this: Father Zeus, you are ruling from Mount Ida, the most glorious and greatest place: let the man who has brought such disaster to the two peoples die, go to hades, and let the two countries achieve peace. ?
After they prayed, the great heckert, wearing a bright helmet, shook his fate and took his eyes away. A lot of things jumped out at once. It comes from Paris.
catalogue
Translator's order
Story background
quarrel
Two soldiers, general
Truce and duel
Padaras broke the truce.
Five Diomedes fought God.
Six Heckert and Zhu An Ma Qi.
Seven Ajax vs. Heckert
Eight Trojans ran into a fence.
Nine proposed to Achilles.
100 serenade
Achilles saw it.
One, two, heckert stormed the fence.
Fight in front of Minlang's sad song
14 Zeus was cheated.
15. Achias fight like trapped animals.
16 sent Chuklaski to the battlefield and was killed.
Fighting for the body of 17 Petsuk Lasky.
18 Achilles' new armor
19 release grievances
The gods participated in the war.
2 1 Achilles fights the river god.
Heckert's death.
Cremation and competition
24 pounds of force and Achilles
Brief introduction of the author
Translator Cao Yu 1908 was born in Xinye, Henan Province. Graduated from English Department of Nankai University, he has taught in Nankai University, The National SouthWest Associated University and Chongqing Central University. 65438-0946 received a master's degree in literature from Columbia University, majoring in English literature. 1947- 1969 worked as a senior translator in the Chinese Translation Service of the United Nations, and settled in the United States after retirement.
Homer (about 9th-8th century) is said to be a wandering blind poet in ancient Greece. His major works are Iliad and Odyssey. Homer's epic is of great historical value and is the earliest master of ancient European literature.