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Successive 13 Movements of the Capital in Shang Dynasty: Archaeological Discovery of the Capital Site.
China has experienced many dynasties, and many cities were once capitals, such as Beijing, the present capital, Xi, Luoyang and Nanjing, as well as Kaifeng and Hangzhou. But generally speaking, a dynasty has only one capital. Who will move the capital to play unless absolutely necessary? However, the Shang Dynasty was different. After the movement of 13, people have discovered three ruins of the capital. So is Zhengzhou the milli capital or the ao capital in the history books? Children, let's have a look! Archaeological Discovery of Capital Sites Archaeologists discovered three Shang Dynasty capital sites during excavation, of which Zhengzhou Mall is the best preserved. After more than 3,600 years, there is still a 5-meter-high wall! 1955, people began to clean up Zhengzhou Mall in the middle of Shang Dynasty ruins. Its plane is rectangular, and the middle part of the north is slightly prominent. The north wall is1.690m, the west wall is1.870m, the east wall and the south wall are1.700m, and the urban area is about 31.5000 square meters. The foundation of the wall is 32 meters wide, and there are solid slopes inside and outside the main wall. There is Xiong 'er River outside the south wall and Jinshui River in the north, forming a moat. The city wall is excavated first, and then compacted layer by layer. Moreover, during the excavation, it was found that the rammed layer of the city wall was thin and very dense, so it was so strong. Perhaps it is for this reason that it still stands after nearly 4,000 storms! There are 1 1 early gaps on the four walls. It is estimated that some of them were destroyed after the mall was abandoned, and some places were where the city gates were at that time, but now they can't tell which ones were destroyed and which ones were the city gates! What's the interior of the business hall like? There are palaces, residential areas, wells, workshops and so on. In shopping malls, cemeteries and cellars. Its palace area is mainly distributed in the north and northeast of Central China, where there are more than 20 tulou platforms, the largest of which is 65 meters long from east to west and 13.5 meters wide from north to south. It is speculated that there used to be a nine-bay double-eaved palace with an eagle gallery outside. The smallest mound is 100 square meters, which should be some other small palaces.

Here, water supply facilities parallel to the palace wall were also found. The facility consists of underground slate water pipes, rammed earth and pumping wells, and is about 40 meters long. The water pipeline is 4 meters underground and made of slate and grass mixed soil. The pipeline is covered with slate, and a 3-meter-thick soil layer is rammed above the slate. The pumping well is located in the middle of the pipeline, and there are four holes in a line, which are evenly distributed on the pipeline. There is also a two-story platform near the south wall, which is estimated to be a dredging facility. At the top of this water supply facility is a reservoir, which is also paved with slate and irregular stones. Reservoirs, water pipelines and pumping wells form a complete water supply system, which is very similar to the current water supply system.

People also found traces of the most cruel human sacrifice in the Shang Dynasty in the palace area. There is a north-south trench in the palace area. When the archaeologists dug about 15 meters, more than 100 skulls appeared in front of everyone. These skulls were sawed from the brow bone to the ear, making everyone tremble. In addition to people, there are eight dog burial pits in the north, which are divided into three rows and buried 92 dogs. But it is strange that there are still two people buried in the dog pit, and there are some dragon-shaped Jin Yezi in some pits. Experts speculate that these are the remains of sacrificial activities.

In the prosperous period of Shang Dynasty, handicraft industry began to occupy a major position in production and life, so a large number of handicraft workshops appeared. Judging from the ruins of Zhengzhou, these handicraft workshops are not in Miyagi, just like the industrial zone now, not in the urban area, but in the suburbs.

When cleaning up the site, it was found that these manual workshops were mainly distributed in the south, north and west directions outside the city, and different types of manual workshops were not mixed together. For example, copper casting workshops are mainly located in the south and north of the city, mainly casting bronzes; Taofang is in the west of the city, and 14 pottery kiln was cleared by a * * * *; The bone-making workshop is located in the north of the city, and more than 0/000 pieces of bone products have been unearthed.

These workshops have begun to take shape and have effective tools for their own use, which shows the prosperity of the Shang Dynasty at that time.

The burial customs of Shang dynasty, the burial places of Shang dynasty are distributed around. In general, we can find the culture and customs of this dynasty from its tombs. After opening the burial area of Zhengzhou Mall, it was found that the ancient custom of martyrdom was not only the royal family, but also some rich people! Archaeologists have discovered more than 100 tombs here, with the largest number of small tombs and fewer medium tombs. Small tombs should be the tombs of civilians at that time. Children should pay attention. It was a slave society at that time. Civilians are above slaves. Because of their freedom of identity, they also have some savings at home. Their funerary objects are mainly pottery, beans, pots, cups and so on. Of course, no living animals or people were buried.

Medium-sized tombs are generally the tombs of people with status, and their tombs are somewhat particular. There are coffins, coffins, cinnabar at the bottom of the tomb, waist pits, dogs buried with them, and some people in the tombs. Some tombs are rich in funerary objects, including bronze wares such as Ding, Wei, Hun, Jue, Zhang, Zun and Pan, as well as various jade ornaments, ivory cups, ivory combs, agate beads, and cargo shells symbolizing coins, which shows that the status of the tomb owner is quite high! From the funerary objects in these tombs and the sacrificial objects in Miyagi, it can be seen that dogs should be the main animals for martyrdom and sacrifice at that time, instead of pigs, cows and sheep that people often use in the future. But the tombs of Shang royal families have not been found so far, and the tombs of royal families should be more valuable than medium-sized tombs.

Is Zhengzhou Mall the capital or the capital? We have learned so much about Zhengzhou Mall, and now there is a problem. Children know that the Shang Dynasty moved its capital many times. Which capital is Zhengzhou Mall? According to historical records, since the establishment of Shang Dynasty, Tang moved its capital eight times, and after the establishment of Xia Dynasty, it moved its capital five times, moving its capital to Ao, Xiang, Xing, Xuan and Yin respectively. If we know which capital this is, we can know whether these are early or middle Shang civilizations! After research, people are still uncertain about this problem. Some people think that Aodu, built by Zhong Ding, is the site in the middle of Shang Dynasty, but others say that it should be the milli capital of Wang Jian in Shang Tang, which was the capital of the early Shang Dynasty. Since the site was discovered, people have been arguing about this question, and no one can give a definite answer so far.

Guess what the bone-making workshop does? In Xia and Shang dynasties, a few tools and most jewelry used by people were made of bones. For example, more than 65,438+0,000 pieces of aggregate, bone semi-finished products and grindstones, as well as some finished products such as arrows and chopsticks were found in Shang Dynasty ruins.

Some aggregates have saw marks. It seems that the bone was cut first and then sent here for processing.

Half of these aggregates are the bones of cattle, deer and other animals, but what you can't imagine is that the remaining half are the bones of human limbs, and most of them are the bones of young adults, perhaps prisoners or slaves in the war.