Jingzhou has outstanding people, rich products, a long history and splendid culture. Since ancient times, it has been called the country of culture and the land of plenty. Jingzhou is one of the first national historical and cultural cities in the State Council. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the 20th generation of Chu kings took Jingzhou as their capital, which lasted for 4 1 1 year. The ancestors of Chu created Chu culture comparable to that of ancient Greece and Athens. The silk script of the Warring States period, the sword of Gou Jian, the King of Yue, and the whole set of bells unearthed in Jingzhou all reflect the brilliance of Chu culture. Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet, a "blockbuster" politician, Sun Bin, Wu Zixu, the leader of the uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty, and Sanyuan, a famous poet in Tang Dynasty, all stepped onto the historical stage from Jingzhou. Jingzhou is the birthplace of the culture of the Three Kingdoms. 120 In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 72 articles were written in Jingzhou. "The well-preserved Jingzhou ancient city wall, with a length of10.5km, is known as" a rare perfect city wall in the south of China ". 1992 The site of Wengong in Jigongshan was rated as "the first in China and rare in the world" by the archaeological community. Jingzhou is also the birthplace of dragon boat culture in China. The annual "China Jingzhou International Dragon Boat Festival" has become a unique cultural product of Jingzhou, an important carrier of opening to the outside world and a grand festival for the people of the city.
Yichang belonged to Xiling tribe in ancient times. According to the Records of Yichang Prefecture, Yiling was an ancient Jingzhou area in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and it was changed to Wuxian in the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (22 1 year). "Xia and Shang dynasties were the domain of ancient Jingzhou, and during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was the important place of Cisse in Chu, with a city built, and later it was ruled by counties, prefectures and governments in previous dynasties." In the 21st year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty (278 BC), General Qin set out to attack Chu, pull out Ying and burn Yiling, and the name of Yiling first appeared in historical records. In the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (22 1 BC), Yichang was a county in the south. "Han inherited the Qin system", Yiling belonged to Jingzhou South County in the Western Han Dynasty, and was changed to Linjiang County in the 13th year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 208). In the fifteenth year of Jian 'an (AD 2 10), Linjiang County was changed to Yidu County, which governed Yidu (now Yichang), Zigui, Zhijiang and Yidu (now Yidu). In the Three Kingdoms period, in the first year of Wu (AD 222), Yiling was changed to Xiling County, also known as Yidu County. During the reign of Jin Taikang (AD 280-289), it was renamed Yiling County. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, another county was set up in the western boundary of Yiling (between Huangniuyan and Heiyan on the south bank of the Yangtze River), and it was named "Yichang", which meant that it was suitable for national prosperity to pray for the division of counties. The name "Yichang" began to appear in history. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, both Song and Qi made friends with Jin. Liang changed Yidu County to Yizhou, the Western Wei Dynasty to Tuozhou, and the later Zhou Dynasty. In the third year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (AD 607), Zhou Xia was changed to Yiling County, which was under the jurisdiction of Yiling, Yidao, Changyang and Yuan 'an, and Yiling County was the county, which was under the jurisdiction of Jingzhou Dudufu. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Yiling County was changed to Shanzhou, leading to the above four counties, belonging to Shannan East Road. At the beginning of Tianbao, it was changed to Yiling County. In the first year of Gan Yuan (758), Shaanxi was rebuilt, which governed the original four counties and still belonged to Shannan East Road. During the Five Dynasties, Shaanxi, Jingzhou and Guizhou were Nanping countries. Northern Song Dynasty, known as Shanzhou, belongs to Jinghu North Road, and still governs the original four counties of Yiling. During the Yuanfeng period (1078 ~ 1085), "Shaanxi" was changed to "Gorge". In the seventeenth year of Yuan Dynasty (1280), Zhou Xia was promoted to Zhou Xia Road, leading the original four counties and belonging to Jinghu North Road, Henan Province. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhou Xiadao was changed to Zhou Xiafu. In the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), Zhou Xia was changed to Yiling County, leading Yidu, Changyang and Yuan 'an counties to administer Yiling, which was under the jurisdiction of Jingzhou Fujing South Road, the secretary of Guangdong and Guangxi Special Affairs Bureau. In the fourth year of Qing Shunzhi (1647), Yiling County was under Jingzhou County. In the fifth year of Shunzhi, Yiling was changed to Yiling. In the 13th year of Yongzheng (1735), Yiling Prefecture was upgraded to Yichang Prefecture, and Yiling County was changed to Donghu County, which was also the seat of Yichang Prefecture, and governed five counties, namely Donghu, Xingshan, Badong, Changyang and Changle, Guizhou and Hefeng, and belonged to Jingyi Shidao. Yidu, Zhijiang, Dangyang and Yuan 'an belong to Jingzhou Prefecture. In the second year of Guangxu (1876), the Sino-British Yantai Treaty was signed, and Yichang was turned into a trading port. The following year, Yichang set up a customs office and officially opened to the outside world.
In the early years of the Republic of China, the government-state system was abolished and the provincial and county systems were implemented. 19 12, Donghu County was changed to Yichang County, which belongs to Jingnan Road with Xingshan County, Zigui County, Badong County, Changyang County, Wufeng County and Hefeng County. Dangyang and Yuan 'an belong to Xiangnan Road. 1922, Yichang belongs to Jingyi Road. 1932, 1936 Yichang, Yidu, Dangyang, Yuan 'an, Xingshan, Zigui, Changyang and Wufeng are the ninth and sixth administrative supervision areas, and the Commissioner's Office is located in Yichang County. Zhijiang County belongs to the seventh and fourth administrative supervision areas of Hubei Province. During the Second Revolutionary Civil War, Yichang was the base of Hunan-Hubei Border Region, far away from Guangxi (Zigui), Xing (Mountain)-Ba (East) and Jing (Gate)-Dang (Yang). During the War of Liberation, in August 1948, Jianghan District Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to formally establish the Fourth Commissioner's Office (also known as Xiangxi Agency), and in October 1949 10, it was changed to Dangyang Agency. On May 20th 1949, Yichang Commissioner's Office was established in Dangyang, and the Yichang Party and Government Leading Group was established in Dangyang in the same month. On June 1 1, the CPC Yichang Municipal Committee and Yichang Municipal People's Government were formally established in Lujiawan, Dangyang. July 1949, Yichang City was liberated. The Chinese Communist Party Yichang dispatched office and Yichang party and government organs immediately moved from Dangyang to Yichang City. 1949165438+1October 15, Yichang was liberated today.
Eastern Zhou Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Wuhan became the military and economic center of Chu.
The earliest known castles in Wuhan are Queyue City and Lushan City in Hanyang at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Xiakou City in Sheshan, Wuchang. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Biao, a local warlord, appointed Huang Zu as the satrap of Jiangxia, and set up a county magistrate in Queyue City, located in Guishan, Hanyang. In order to seize Jingzhou with Liu Bei, Sun Quan of Dongwu moved his capital from Jianye (now Nanjing) to E County (now Ezhou) in 22 1 year, and renamed it Wuchang, which means "ruling the country by force and prospering the country in prosperity". In 223, Sun Quan built Xiakou City on the Snake Mountain in Wuchang today, and at the same time built a watchtower on the yellow chicken in the city: Yellow Crane Tower (abandoned for more than ten times, each with different characteristics of the times). The Xiakou in Su Shi's "Qian Chi Bi Fu" "Looking at Xiakou in the west and Wuchang in the east" refers to Wuhan (the ancient Wuchang is now Ezhou City). During the Southern Dynasties, Xiakou extended to Yunzhou and became the seat of Yunzhou.
The origin of the name Hanyang is closely related to Hanshui River. As the old saying goes, "North water is Yang, South Mountain is Yang". Ancient Hanyang was in the north of Hanshui River, turtle Shan Zhinan, hence the name Hanyang. In the second year of the great cause of Sui Dynasty (606), Hanjin County was changed to Hanyang County, and the name of Hanyang began, and Jiangxia County was established to manage Wuchang. In the Tang Dynasty, Jiangxia (Wuchang) and Hanyang were promoted to the state capitals of Ezhou and Mianzhou respectively, and became important commercial towns along the Yangtze River. The name of Jiangcheng also began in Sui and Tang Dynasties. After excavation, a large number of tombs of the Tang Dynasty were unearthed in Wuhan, and four gods gray pottery bricks and twelve zodiac gray pottery figurines were unearthed in Mafangshan and Yuejiazui. During the Song Dynasty, Wuchang belonged to Ezhou and Hanyang Hankou belonged to Hanyang Army. In the Song Dynasty, the porcelain industry in Wuhan was developed, and more than 100 Song Dynasty porcelain kilns were found in Liangzihu, Jiangxia District. Lu You, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, once wrote when he passed Wuchang, "There are many rich people in the city, and there are miles outside the city. Although Qiantang and Jiankang can't pass, they are big cities to describe the prosperity of Wuchang.
From the Tang Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, Hanyang, especially Nautilus Island, was the place where merchant ships were distributed in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.
In the 18th year of Yuan Shizu Zhiyuan (128 1), Wuchang became the provincial capital of Huguangxing. This is the first time that Wuhan has become a provincial administrative unit. Yu Que, a poet in the Yuan Dynasty, called Wuchang and Hanyang "Twin Cities" in his poems, indicating that Wuchang and Hanyang are merging into one.
Ming and Qing dynasties
When Zhu Yuanzhang conquered Wuchang, his sixth son, Zhu Zhen, was born. Since then, Zhu Zhen has been enfeoffed by Ming Taizu as the Chu King of Wuchang, and Wuchang has been expanded to become one of the largest cities in the south. In the following 274 years, the kings of Chu after Zhu Zhen chose Longquan Mountain in Jiangxia District as their tombs, which made Longquan Mountain form an ancient architectural complex called "Three Turtles, Nine Bedrooms and Twelve Scenes". Historically, Hankou and Hanyang developed simultaneously for a period of time. Until the tenth year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (1474), the Hanjiang River was diverted from the northern foot of Guishan Mountain to the independently developed channel of Hankou. During Jiajing period, Hankou Town was formed on the north bank of Hanshui New Waterway, and businessmen from all over the world came to operate it. At that time, goods in Hankou piled up like mountains, residents were crowded and merchants were everywhere. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Hankou, Zhuxian Town, Jingdezhen Town and Foshan Town were also known as the "four famous towns" in the world, and it was said that "goods arrived in Hankou to live". It has become the national land and water transportation hub in China and the largest inland port in China. It has the scenery of "ten miles sail to the city, and ten thousand lamps stay all night" (Wu Qishi), enjoying the reputation of "thoroughfare of nine provinces" and "the first prosperous place in Chu". After eight years of investigation in Ming Dynasty (1635), Yuan Changchuang was sentenced to build a long dike (starting from Qiaokou-Hanzheng Street and ending at Dikou-Siguantang) for flood control. This dam is called Yuan Gong Dike, which is now Chang Di Street.
During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Hankou was only "a matter of salt affairs, and it was also the best in the world". During the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, there were 37,000 households in Hankou, accounting for130,000 people. However, Hankou has been under Hanyang County for a long time, so the early concept of "Wuhan" was a general term for Wuchang and Hanyang. In the second year of Daoguang reign in Qing Dynasty (1822), the phrase "I fell into Wuhan and other counties" in Fan Kai's Talk about Hankou refers to Wuchang and Hanyang, but Hankou was not a government county at that time. During the Xianfeng period, Hu Linyi, the governor of Hubei Province, used the word "Wuhan" for the first time in his memorial, such as "Wuhan is the throat of Jingxiang", "If Wuhan recovers" and "Wuhan confronts the two cities". Obviously it also refers to Wuchang and Hanyang (including Hankou).
Late Qing dynasty
1 1 In 1858, the unequal treaty "Tianjin Treaty" signed by the Qing Dynasty and the great powers added treaty ports including Hankou. 186 1 Hankou officially opened in March. In the lower reaches of Laohankou Town, five concessions were successively opened along the Yangtze River: Hankou British Concession, Hankou German Concession, Hankou Russian Concession, Hankou French Concession and Hankou Japanese Concession. Foreign businessmen from various countries, led by Britain, are engaged in the export business of Yangtze River shipping and tea and other agricultural products. Hankou's foreign trade soon surpassed that of Guangzhou, and it can almost keep pace with Shanghai. At one time, Hankou economy was highly prosperous.
1864, Hankou built a city wall from west to east, starting at the mouth of the bridge and going down to one yuan road, which is called the back city.
From 65438 to 0889, Zhang Zhidong was the governor of Huguang. During Zhang Zhidong's reign, he vigorously promoted the Westernization Movement, especially the construction of Hanyang Iron Works and Hubei Gun Works, which stimulated the rise of modern industry in Wuhan and the development of urban commodity economy. During his stay in Hubei, Zhang Zhidong presided over the construction of the Luhan Railway, initiated education and founded new schools such as Hubei Academy.
1899, the Tongzhi of Hankou was changed to Tongzhi of Fu Min, and the Hankou area north of Hanshui (Shekou in the north and Qiaokou in the west) was placed under Tongzhi jurisdiction, and it was named "Xiakouting".
1905, in order to alleviate the flood of Houhu Lake in Hankou and ensure the safety of Luhan Railway, Zhang Zhidong raised 802,000 silver to build Houhu long dike. After completion, the dry land in the dike is 654.38+ 10,000 mu. In memory of Zhang Zhidong, Houhu Long Beach was called "Zhang Gongdi" by Wuhan people. This levee provided a vast expansion area for Hankou, which was narrow at first, and made an indelible contribution. 1907, Zhang Zhidong demolished the back city wall and built the back city road from Qiaokou to Jianghan Road, which became the first modern road in Hankou and the predecessor of Zhongshan Avenue.
After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China launched the industrial salvation movement. 1906, Song et al. founded Jiji Hydropower Co., Ltd. in Hankou, which was the largest private public hydropower enterprise in China at that time. 1909, the company built Hankou water tower to regulate water supply, becoming the tallest building in Wuhan at that time.
In "Hankou-Central Zhili Affairs (1908)" written by Japanese Consul General in Korea in the late Qing Dynasty, he praised the rise of Hankou: "Hankou, which owns Wuchang and Hanyang, has an annual trade volume of/kloc-0.32 billion, surpassing Tianjin and bordering Guangdong, and is now located in the second important port of the Qing Dynasty, close to the Shanghai base, making. Since then, "Oriental Chicago" has become the public impression of Wuhan.
During the period of 10 at the beginning of the 20th century, the total foreign trade of Hankou always accounted for about 10% of the total foreign trade in China, ranking second in the country, and it was the only inland port that could compete with coastal ports at that time.