Blood transfusion is a very common thing in hospitals, and countless critically ill patients have saved their lives through blood transfusion. Tracing back to the source, we should not forget those pioneers who pioneered scientific blood transfusion.
1665 One day, the British anatomist Charlie Solwell saw that a little dog had an accident. It was bleeding a lot. This puppy is dying. Charlie Sowell had a brainwave and came up with a possible way to save the dog's life. He tried to indirectly connect the blood vessels of a healthy dog with those of the dying puppy. After a while, the dying puppy miraculously came back to life. Charlie Solwell's effective method of compensating the blood of dying puppies made people realize for the first time that blood transfusion between different individuals is possible. This experiment more than 300 years ago laid the foundation for the later development of blood transfusion technology.
1668, the French doctor Dennis saw a boy of 17 years old. Because of his long-term fever, his face was pale and his limbs were weak, he slowly injected a small amount of fresh sheep blood into his body. The sick child was very lucky to survive. Dennis became the first person to have a blood transfusion in the world. Soon, a young woman begged Dennis to transfuse the blood of a docile lamb into her violent husband to change his violent character. Unfortunately, when Dennis transfused blood for this man, the tragedy happened. The man's heart beat faster and he was in great pain. Finally, he died after a hysterical mania. Because of this, Dr. Dennis was accused of "manslaughter" and went to prison. Since then, no one has dared to treat people with blood transfusion, and the research on blood transfusion has been deadlocked for some time.
It was not until the beginning of 19 century that blood transfusion was re-studied. After studying the cases of blood transfusion in history, brendel, a British doctor, found that blood transfusion between animals of the same species was mostly successful, while blood transfusion between animals of different species was almost a failure. Therefore, he thinks it is necessary to give patients human blood. 18 18 One day, brendel treated a pregnant woman with dystocia. The pregnant woman's life is at stake when she suddenly bleeds during childbirth. In order to save the life of pregnant women, kind brendel gave the pregnant women the blood of a strong man, and the pregnant women turned the corner.
After the success of brendel, blood transfusion became a means to save critically ill patients. The probability of successful blood transfusion is about 1/3. Some people have red blood cell agglutination after blood transfusion, which is the main reason for blood transfusion failure. However, people don't know the cause of red blood cell agglutination, and they have tried every means to prevent agglutination with various chemicals, but all of them have no effect.
Austrian pathologist Rand Steiner solved the mystery of red blood cell agglutination.
Randsteiner was born in June 1868 in Vienna, the capital of Austria and a famous music city. His father is a famous doctor of law. Randsteiner is not crazy about music or law, but he fell in love with medicine since he was a child. Because there is a medical school near his home, young Randsteiner often goes to this school to play after school, but he is very courageous. He is not afraid to watch teachers and students do medical experiments and dissect corpses. Gradually, he became interested in medicine, so he often borrowed some medical books from medical college. He especially likes books with illustrations. He found reading these medical books as interesting as reading story books.
1885, Lanstein was admitted to Vienna University and entered the medical hall. At first he was very excited and felt that he had learned a lot of medical knowledge. Soon, Landsteiner found that his knowledge was like a drop in the ocean, so he began to study hard, observe the specimens carefully and dissect the human body. Six years later, Lanstein became a doctor of medicine with rich knowledge and clinical experience. At this time, he can go to work, but he doesn't want to be an ordinary doctor and is determined to make achievements in medical research. In order to meet the needs of future research, Landsteiner made a special trip to the University of Wü rzburg to study chemistry.
From 65438 to 0897, Landsteiner began to devote himself to serological research. He made a novel topic and discussed it in depth. During the period of 10, he published 175 papers, among which the greatest achievement was to see the agglutination of red blood cells, and proved that this was a manifestation of serum reaction, and then discovered the human ABO blood group system.
/kloc-one day in 0/900, when Randsteiner mixed one person's red blood cells with another person's serum, he saw that the red blood cells gathered into clusters of irregular masses. These clusters of red blood cells cannot be dispersed even if they are violently shaken. He called this phenomenon red blood cell agglutination. This red blood cell agglutination is a manifestation of serum reaction. Randsteiner believes that the agglutination reaction of red blood cells under the action of heterogeneous serum is due to some antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells, which he calls agglutination antigen; However, serum contains corresponding specific antibodies, which are collectively called lectins. If red blood cells containing a lectin meet the opposite lectin, a series of antigen-antibody reactions will occur, which will make red blood cells aggregate. After many experiments and in-depth investigation, Landstein found that there are two kinds of lectins in human red blood cells, which are called lectin A and lectin B respectively. There are also two kinds of lectins in serum, called anti-A lectin and anti-B lectin. He called the blood containing lectin A in red blood cells type A blood. Blood containing b agglutinin in red blood cells is called type b blood; Blood containing both A and B agglutinogens is called AB blood.