1840 (20 years of Daoguang), the British government decided to send an expeditionary force to invade China on the pretext that Lin Zexu and Humen destroyed opium.
In June, 1840, Major General Antony Blaquez Rand Stransham and Charles Elliot led 47 British ships and 4,000 army personnel to reach the Pearl River Estuary in Guangdong, blocking Haikou, and the Opium War began.
The Opium War ended with China's failure and reparations. China and Britain signed the treaty of nanking, the first unequal treaty in China's history.
China began to cede territory, pay reparations and negotiate tariffs to foreign countries, which seriously endangered China's sovereignty, became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, lost its independent status and promoted the disintegration of the natural economy. At the same time, the Opium War also opened a new chapter in the history of modern China people's resistance to foreign aggression.
2. The Second Opium War
The Second Opium War was a war of aggression against China jointly launched by Britain and France with the support of Russia and the United States. In order to further open the China market and expand the interests of aggression in China, Britain and France used the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in China as an excuse to jointly attack the Qing government under the pretext of Yarrow Incident and Ma Fu Incident.
1860, British and French troops invaded Beijing, and the Qing emperor fled to Chengde. British and French troops invaded Yuanmingyuan, plundered jewels and burned them. After Russia sent troops to participate in the war, it claimed that "mediation was successful" and coerced the Qing government to cede more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers of territory, becoming the biggest winner. The war ended with the Qing government being forced to sign the Beijing Treaty.
The Second Opium War forced the Qing government to successively sign the Tianjin Treaty, the Beijing Treaty, the Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty and other peace treaties, and the invasion of foreign powers deepened. As a result, China lost 1.5 million square kilometers in the northeast and northwest. After the war, the Qing government was able to concentrate on suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and maintaining its rule.
3. Sino-French War
1881July, the French parliament led by French Prime Minister Rufeili passed a military expenditure of 2.4 million francs for Vietnam. 1882 in March, the French government ordered Li Weijie (Li), commander of zhina Navy, to command the invading army to invade northern Vietnam for the second time. In April, it invaded Hanoi, and then used warships to scout the Red River until it was near Shanxi in the northwest of Hanoi.
In March of the following year, Hongji, a coal-producing base, and Nanding, a military base, were captured. The Vietnamese court repeatedly asked the Qing government to send troops to help. In view of the change of the situation, the Qing government ordered the authorities of Yunnan and Guangxi provinces to supervise the border guards to enter for a short time, but stressed that "you should not bother yourself."
188 1 09 May 19, Liu Yongfu led the Black Flag Army to a decisive battle at the paper bridge in Huaidefu, and more than 30 officers and 200 soldiers under Li He's deputy commander were killed. The French army was forced to return to Hanoi.
Taking advantage of Li's death, France immediately announced that it would "avenge her glorious children" and allocated 3.5 million francs to the French army in Tokyo to try its best to incite a full-scale war of aggression. In addition to reinforcing the army, the North Vietnamese fleet was also formed, and troops were dispatched and actively deployed.
In August, the French army strengthened its attack on the Black Flag Army of North Vietnam, and at the same time attacked central Vietnam with warships, reaching Hue, the capital of Vietnam. 188 1 On August 25th, Vietnam was forced to sign the Hue Treaty and obtained the "protection right" for Vietnam.
After the signing of the Hue Treaty, which surrendered to France, China became the only obstacle for France to occupy Vietnam. France decided to remove this obstacle, immediately banned all relations between Vietnam and China, and forced Vietnam to retreat to the French army including the Black Flag Army. This led to a direct confrontation with China.
France first wants to achieve its goal through diplomatic means. On September 1882 and 15, the French government proposed to China a solution to the Vietnam issue, that is, drawing a narrow neutral zone, enabling China to withdraw its troops stationed in Vietnam, recognizing France's colonial rule over Vietnam as a whole, and opening Yunnan's barbaric consumption as a French trading port, thus opening the door to France.
The proposal was rejected by the Qing government and the negotiations were fruitless. At this time, in view of the special relationship between China and Vietnam and the serious threat to China caused by the French invasion, hawks represented by Zuo Zhidong and Zhang Zhidong in the Qing ruling group advocated that the court should adopt an anti-French policy; However, Li Hongzhang, who held the diplomatic and military power of the Qing government, was bent on peace.
The highest decision-making body in Qing Dynasty was indecisive. Militarily, it sent troops to Vietnam to help Vietnam, and repeatedly instructed the Qing army not to take the initiative to attack the French army.
Diplomatically, while protesting France's invasion of Vietnam, it tried to reach a compromise through negotiations or mediation in a third country. This contradictory move greatly facilitated the deployment of French aggression. 1October 25th,1882 10, Cuba, commander of the French Tokyo Sub-fleet, was appointed as the commander of the North Vietnamese French army. 65438+At the beginning of February, it was decided to attack the defense of China Army in the Red River Delta.
With the progress of the war, the French spread the war to the southeast coast of China. The French sent Badeno to negotiate with Ceng Guoquan, but at the same time, they continued to make trouble and started the war again.
From1May, 1984, when the Concise Treaty was signed, France attacked Keelung, and from1August, 1984, the Mawei naval battle ended, which was the second stage of the Sino-French war, mainly in the southeast coast of China, and the land war in northern Vietnam continued.
After the war spread to China,1August 26th, 884, the Qing court issued an imperial edict, condemning France for "arbitrarily demanding unknown soldiers' fees" and "making the first move be the strongest", which made the land army invade quickly and prevented the French army from invading all coastal areas. This imperial edict is actually a declaration of war against the French invaders.
At the beginning of 10, French ships invaded Keelung and Danshui in Taiwan Province Province respectively, and Liu Mingchuan abandoned Keelung to stick to Danshui due to insufficient troops. After landing in Keelung, the French army made fresh water again, once landed on the beach, but was quickly repelled. The French army occupied a corner of Keelung, unable to go deep, and instead imposed a sea blockade on Taiwan Province Province from June 23rd of 10.
/kloc-at the beginning of 0/885, the French army successively attacked Taipei from Keelung; French ships harassed Zhenhai, Zhejiang, intercepted five China warships from Shanghai to Fujian, and sank two of them in Shipu, Zhejiang. At the end of March, the French army occupied Penghu Island and Fisherman Island. In the Battle of Zhenhai, French ships were heroically repelled by China troops guarding the fort of Zhaobaoshan.
On the border between China and Vietnam, the land war between China and France is still fierce. 1February, 885, the French army attacked lang son, and the governor of Guangxi, Pan, left without a fight. Ten days later, the French army invaded Nanguan Town (now Friendship Pass). Due to the shortage of troops and difficult supply, it burned down and retreated to Yuan Wen (now Deng Tong) and lang son, waiting for another opportunity.
At that time, Feng Zicai, a veteran, was ordered to assist military affairs outside Guangxi and rushed to Zhennanguan to reorganize troops and deploy troops. Knowing that the French army would invade Nanguan town, they built a long wall seven feet high, three miles long and ten feet wide at the pass, spanning the east and west ridges. Trenches were dug deep outside the city wall, and a relatively complete defensive position was built.
On March 23rd, the French army occupying lang son rushed out of the crowd and pounced on Nanguan Town. 24, invasion of the city wall. Feng Zicai led the foot soldiers out of the wall and encouraged the soldiers to fight bravely. In the end, the French army repelled and stopped its spying activities on the border of China. The Qing army attacked Yuan Wen and Langer and drove the French army to the south of Langer's home. nigri, commander-in-chief of the French Eastern Front, was seriously injured. The French army is in trouble.
The victory of Zhennanguan made the Qing army turn defeat into victory in the Sino-French war. After the news of the defeat of the French army reached Paris, the French Parliament rejected the supplementary bill of military expenditure by 306 votes to 149, and Prime Minister Jules Ferry resigned. However, France immediately paid 50 million francs to the Vietnamese French army, and domestic public opinion clamored to declare war on the Qing country.
After France launched the war of aggression against China, diplomatic activities and secret negotiations on the issue of peace and war almost never stopped. The victory of Zhennanguan originally put China in a favorable position in military and diplomacy, but during the whole Sino-French War, even after being forced to declare war.
I am also worried that "the trouble of war" will arouse "civil rebellion" and "mutiny", so I always make peace with the French aggressors directly or indirectly, explicitly or implicitly. Li Hongzhang and others advocated "winning by winning", regarded Zhennan's victory as an excellent opportunity to seek compromise, and suggested that the Qing government immediately conclude a peace treaty with France.
1885 In February, with the consent of the Qing government, Hurd, the General Tax Department of the Customs, sent James Duncan Campbell, the Tax Department of the British China in London, to Paris to facilitate the Sino-French peace talks. On April 4th, James Duncan Campbell and Biller, Chief Secretary of Government Affairs of the French Foreign Ministry, hastily signed the Armistice Agreement (Paris Agreement) in Paris.
Later, the Qing government explicitly approved Li Fu's Concise Treaty of Tianjin and ordered the North Vietnamese garrison to retreat to China by stages. The French lifted the blockade of Taiwan Province Province and the North Sea. The Sino-French war stopped at this point, and Empress Dowager Cixi issued a truce letter.
1On May 3, 885, the Qing government appointed Li Hongzhang as the negotiator, and began to negotiate a formal Sino-French treaty with the French government representative and ambassador to China, Badeno, in Tianjin.
1On June 9, 885, the Sino-French Vietnam Treaty was signed in Tianjin, namely the Vietnam Clause or the Sino-French New Testament, also known as the Ba Li Treaty, with ten articles in total.
The main contents are as follows: the Qing government recognized France's right to protect Vietnam and the treaties concluded between France and Vietnam; Sino-Vietnamese land border is open for trade, and China border is open for two trading ports. "Goods transported in and out of the Yunnan-Guangxi border are subject to various taxes, and the current trade tariffs are reduced."
In the future, when China builds a railway, it must "do business with people in French industry"; Within half a year after the signing of this agreement, China and France sent personnel to the Sino-Vietnamese border to "jointly demarcate"; The French army withdrew from Taiwan Province Province and Penghu. 1885165438+1October 28th, this treaty was ratified in Beijing. Since then, China has recognized the French annexation of Annan and the opening of Daimon Masaru in the southwest of China.
4. Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895
1894, the East Learning Party uprising broke out in North Korea, and the North Korean government forces were successively defeated and forced to ask for help from the sovereign state of the Qing Dynasty. Japan also took the opportunity to send troops to North Korea and deliberately provoked war.
1894 (20th year of Guangxu) On July 25th, the naval battle of Toyoda broke out, and the Sino-Japanese War began. Because the Japanese had planned for a long time, the Qing Dynasty rushed to fight, and the war ended with the defeat of China and the annihilation of the Beiyang Navy. Under the military pressure of Japanese militarism, the Qing government in China signed the treaty of shimonoseki in April 1895.
The result of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 brought unprecedented national crisis to the Chinese nation and greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China society. On the other hand, it has made Japan's national strength stronger and laid an important foundation for it to become a big country.
5. Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China.
1900 Spring, the Boxer Rebellion became the fuse of Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China. Eight-Nation Alliance used this as an excuse to carve up and plunder the Qing Empire in the name of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion.
The total number of troops invading China is about 50 thousand, which is well-equipped and powerful. 1900, 14 August, Beijing completely fell, and wherever Eight-Nation Alliance went, he killed, set fire to, raped and plundered! There are countless treasures stolen and looted from the Forbidden City, Zhongnanhai and the Summer Palace! Among them, the famous Yuanmingyuan, after the British and French allied forces, was looted and eventually became a ruin.
Eight-Nation Alliance Commander-in-Chief Valdes later admitted that the details of all the damages and robberies suffered by the Qing Empire would never be found out, but the amount would be extremely considerable. 190 1 On September 7th, China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which brought unprecedented suffering to the country and people at that time.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China
Baidu Encyclopedia-Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 1894- 1895
Baidu Encyclopedia-Sino-French War
Baidu Encyclopedia-The Second Opium War
Baidu Encyclopedia-The First Opium War