Konic Street, the main thoroughfare, is parallel to the Nile, and TV buildings, churches, municipal buildings and restaurants stand on both sides. The transitional area between the ancient city and the Nile River was built in the19th century, including the National Library, Islamic Art Museum and Abu Dhabi Palace Museum. There is a large mausoleum area on the eastern edge of the capital circle, which is called the city of death. Due to the different formation periods, the architectural styles of the two are quite different. The oldest area has 2 ~ 4 layers of brick-gray wood structure; Influenced by western culture at that time, the areas built in19th century were mostly ornate European stone buildings, among which the former Caccini Palace was the most famous. Moreover, there are both high-rise houses and low-rise villas with gardens in the west and north of China.
There are pyramids and the Sphinx, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, standing in the southwest of the city; There is a steeple in the northeast as a symbol of Heliopolis (where Plato is engaged in research); The newly-built elegant Hilton Hotel on the west bank of the Nile attracts attention. There are thousands of ordinary schools and technical schools. Located on the west bank of the Nile, Cairo University has a long history, large scale and complete facilities. In addition, there are Azhar University, Ain Chams University, American University and Helwan University. About 20 kilometers west of Memphis site, the pyramid, one of the seven wonders of the world, is located on a barren yellow sand-covered yeping. The stone tombs of these ancient Egyptian emperors are magnificent, showing the dignity of the tomb owners in the past to tourists.
On the side of Tahrir Square in downtown Cairo, there is the Egyptian Museum with a collection of more than 654.38+million pieces, which is unparalleled in introducing Egyptian culture, especially the antiquities of the Pharaoh period and the Greek and Roman period. When I walked into the gate, I saw mainly stones: stone statues, sarcophagus, stone tablets and pillars. This is an Egyptian history book and a stone. Not far from this museum, Kelota, an island in the Nile, is located at an altitude of 187 meters. You can get a panoramic view of the whole city when you board this modern building. The endless traffic on the street, the vaults of mosques, rows of tall buildings, extraordinary criss-crossing elevated highways, white sails fluttering like a jade river, rippling into the sea and staying up all night.
There are ancient Islamic architectural treasures and modern high-rise buildings such as Sultan Hassan Mosque, Azhar Mosque, Saladin Castle and Abedin Palace in the city. The minarets of mosques all over the city make Cairo enjoy the reputation of "City of Thousand Towers". The magnificent Cairo International Conference Center is a symbol of the friendship between the Chinese and Egyptian peoples. Transportation: Self-help tourists with driver's license may wish to rent a car for sightseeing from the local car rental company after arriving in Egypt. The rent is not expensive, and the gasoline is also very cheap. Buddy company, European automobile company, Avis company, intermediary car rental company, etc. I have arranged for the staff at Cairo Airport. It is necessary for tourists who rent a car to buy insurance.
Traffic in Cairo is chaotic, and some roads are crowded with trucks, donkey carts and camels. Be careful not to drive into a one-way street by mistake. A pyramid is a kind of building, which is usually used for tombs or sacrifices. Because it looks like China's Chinese character Jin, it is called the pyramid. Actually, this has nothing to do with Kim. Pyramids generally refer to the pyramids in Egypt. Other famous pyramids are Maya Pyramid, Aztec Pyramid (pyramid of the sun, Moon Pyramid) and so on. The pyramids in Egypt are the pyramid-shaped tombs of the emperors in the slave society of ancient Egypt.
One of the seven architectural wonders of the world. Large quantity and wide distribution. Cairo and Memphis, the ancient city west of the Nile, are the most concentrated areas. In Egypt, 96 pyramids have been discovered, the largest of which are the three pyramids in Giza, a suburb of Cairo. The pyramid is a tomb.
The Great Pyramid is the tomb of Khufu, the second king of the fourth dynasty. It was built around 2690 BC, and its initial height was 146.5 meters. Because of accumulated weathering, the top has peeled off10m, and now it is136.5m high. Each side of the base is more than 230 meters long, the angle of the triangle is 5 1 degree, and the area of the tower bottom is 52,900 square meters. This tower consists of 2.3 million stones, each weighing 2.5 tons on average. It is said that it took 654.38 million people 20 years to build it.
The passage inside the pyramid is open to the outside world, and the design and calculation of the passage are exquisite, which makes the world admire. The second sphinx pyramid is the tomb of King Hawala, son of Khufu. It was built in 2650 BC, 3 meters lower than the former, but its architectural form is more perfect and spectacular. There are temples and other ancillary buildings and the famous Sphinx in front of the tower. The Sphinx refers to Ha Fula. Its body is a lion, 22 meters high and 57 meters long. One ear of the statue is 2 meters high.
Except for the lion's claws, the whole statue is carved from natural rocks. Due to the loose stone, after more than 4000 years, the whole statue has been severely weathered. In addition, the face was severely damaged. Some people say that Ma Mruck used it as a target to practice shooting, while others said that it was a trace left by the shelling when Napoleon invaded Egypt in the18th century. The third pyramid belongs to King Koala, the grandson of Khufu, and was built around 2600 BC.
At that time, during the decline of the fourth dynasty, pyramid buildings began to be corroded. The height of the Kamula Pyramid suddenly dropped to 66 meters, and the internal structure collapsed. In the south of pyramid of khufu, there is a famous Sun Boat Museum. In those days, Khufu's son used a solar-powered boat to transport Khufu's mummy to the pyramids for burial, then took the boat apart and buried it underground. The museum was built on the site unearthed by the sun boat. The hull is made of pure wood structure and tied with ropes. The Nile originates from the Ethiopian Plateau and flows through Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Zaire, Sudan and Egypt, with a total length of 6,700 kilometers.
It is the longest river in Africa and the second longest river in the world, with a navigable waterway of about 3000 kilometers. The Nile has two upstream rivers, the west of which comes from the mountainous area of Burundi, and flows northward through Lake Victoria, the largest lake in Africa, which is called the White Nile. It originates from Lake Tana in the eastern plateau of Ethiopia and is called the Blue Nile. The Blue Nile and the White Nile meet in Khartoum, Sudan, and then flow into Egypt. The Nile valley and delta are the cradle of Egyptian culture and one of the cradles of world culture.
The Nile in Egypt is 1.530 km long, and a valley with a width of 3- 1.6 km is formed on both banks. After arriving in Cairo, it divides into two tributaries and flows into the Mediterranean Sea. These two tributaries alluvial to form the Nile Delta, covering an area of 24,000 square kilometers, which is the most densely populated and fertile area in Egypt. Its population accounts for 96% of the country, and cultivated land accounts for two-thirds of the country's cultivated land. Almost all the water in Egypt comes from the Nile. According to the agreement signed by the nine countries in the Nile valley, the share of Egyptian river water is 55.5 billion cubic meters per year. There are many cruise ships on the Nile River in Cairo. Among them, it is also called the Pharaoh's ship, which was built after the Pharaoh's ships.
Boating on the river at night, you can visit the beautiful scenery on both sides of the river and watch the famous oriental dance performance on the boat. Saladin Castle was built in 1 176 for Saladin, king of Ayub dynasty, to protect Cairo from the crusaders. There is Muhammad Ali Mosque in the city. In the ancient castle, there is the Egyptian Military Museum, which displays weapons and equipment, clothing, famous war cases, fortifications and objects, imitations, models and pictures of the castle in various historical periods of Egypt. Muhammad Ali Mosque was built in A.D. 1830. The whole building has the architectural style of Abbasid dynasty. Mehmet Ali (1769-1849), an Albanian, became the ruler of Egypt in 1805.
The towering Ali Mosque was built on the top of the hill in the north of Cairo. The worship hall is square, with the towering dome as the center, surrounded by four semi-circular halls corresponding to the halls, and there are four tall columns in the hall. There is a bathroom in the center of the west side of the mosque, which is used by Muslims to do small cleaning during worship. There are four chains around.
Pharaoh village is located on an island on the Nile River in Cairo, covering an area of about 200 mu. 1984, the first Egyptian ambassador to China, Dr. Hassan Radzab, founded the center after discovering the papyrus papermaking technology that had been lost for thousands of years. A large number of papyrus are planted in the village, and there are workshops to make papyrus, and papyrus paintings are drawn by traditional methods. There are temples, manors, farmers and other buildings in Pharaoh's village that simulate the Pharaoh's era.
There are special people wearing ancient costumes to show the scenes of production, life and religious ceremonies at that time, and to show the economic and social life of ancient Egyptians thousands of years ago. There are famous models of Pharaoh Tutankhamun's mausoleum and pyramid construction methods, as well as photo studios, restaurants and shops. Montassa Palace, namely Montassa Palace, is located in the east of the city, covering an area of 65,438+055.4 hectares and surrounded by forests. This is a unique garden. Before 1952, it was a summer resort for the royal family. Now the seaside is open to tourists and anglers. There is King Farouk's Palace (now the Egyptian State Guesthouse) in the garden. This Turkish-Florentine building was built by Khedive Abbas II at the turn of the century and is a summer resort for the royal family.
The palace is not open to the public, so you must pay attention to the theme letter F that often appears when looking at the appearance. It is said that a man with good news told King Fouad that the letter F would bring good luck to his family. After that, he and his son Farouk named their descendants after Farouk. Farouk married nariman on 195 1, but did not change her name. 1952 10 month, their son was born. He named him Ahmed Fuaad, with the second letter F. Six months later, Farouk was deposed. Kataba Castle, formerly known as Alexander Lighthouse, is one of the seven wonders of the world. This lighthouse was built in 280 BC and is about 135 meters high. After several earthquakes, it was completely destroyed on 1435.
1980, a castle was built on the original site with its stones, named after King Kataba. 1966 was changed to maritime museum, showing models, murals and oil paintings. Together with Cairo Castle, it shows the history of shipbuilding and navigation in Egypt 10,000 years ago, and is called two medieval castles in Egypt. Pompeii Savari Stone Column, also known as Knight Stone Column, was built in 297 and stands on the site of Serabis Temple in the southwest corner of Alexandria. It is about 25 meters high, with a base diameter of 2.8 meters and a top diameter of 2.3 meters. It was originally set up to commemorate Emperor Diocletian distributing grain here to help the victims, and his words were engraved on the foot of the column. Later, it became an indicator of HNA.
Savari means master in Arabic. Arabs occupied the city in 64 1 year. Seen from a distance, this stone pillar stands in the center of a colonnade composed of 400 stone pillars, just like a sailing mast, hence its name. For hundreds of years, the stone pillars in Savari have left many stories. During the Crusades, the Roman general Pompeii (BC 106- 48) was mistaken for being defeated by Caesar, fled to Egypt, and finally died at the hands of the Egyptians. His ashes are stored in the urn at the top of the cylinder, so Europeans and Americans still call it Pompeii cylinder. Walking through a sandy slope, I saw a magnificent and dazzling huge stone pillar standing in front of me in the anxious sun. There's nothing like me.
Several sphinxes were scattered in front of the pillars, becoming smaller and lifeless. Pompeii's column base is unpretentious, and the pink column is thick and smooth without seam marks. It seems to have been taken from a boulder. Looking up along the column, the stigma points to the sky, and the sky seems to rotate with it. Transportation: Alexandria is about 200 kilometers from Romania. There is a train every hour at Cairo Railway Station.
It takes more than 2 hours to get on the bus and make up the ticket. Second-class cars generally have seats, 36 kg round trip. There is also an air-conditioned bus to Alexandria in Tahar Square in Cairo, which runs every half hour. The fare is 20 Egyptian pounds and the journey takes about 3 hours. Contact information: Tel: 4825800 Address: Karmouz Opening hours: 9:00- 16:00 Egyptian Museum In Egypt, there are many incredible legends that make it covered with a mysterious black veil. When I came to Egypt, my first feeling was grandeur. Those famous pyramids, how did people in the past build them so high and magnificent?
This is a puzzling question, but aside from these unsolved mysteries, we can feel the profound cultural and historical heritage of Egypt. It is a natural temperament. It is so ethereal and elusive. The Egyptian Museum is located in Tahrir Square in Cairo, Egypt. It is a treasure house of ancient Egyptian civilization with a long history of more than 3,000 years. There are more than 300,000 pieces of various cultural relics collected here, and only 63,000 pieces are on display, accounting for about one-fifth of all cultural relics.
Because this museum mainly collects cultural relics from the Pharaoh period, Egyptians used to call it the Pharaoh Museum. The Egyptian Museum is an ancient and luxurious two-story stone building, designed and built by the famous French archaeologist Mariel, who is called the father of the Egyptian Museum by the Egyptians. It is located in Braque, north of Cairo, 1858. The purpose of building this museum at that time was to prevent the excavated Egyptian national treasures from flowing abroad. This museum was moved twice, 1902, and it moved to a new one in Cairo.
The front yard of the museum is planted with lotus leaves representing ancient upper Egypt and papyrus, the oldest paper-making material in the world representing lower Egypt. There are more than 50 showrooms in the museum. The first floor is displayed in the order of ancient Egyptian history, where you can see precious cultural relics from the ancient kingdom period (2686 BC to 265438 BC +08 1) to the Roman rule period in the 5th and 6th centuries. In ancient times, the exhibits were mainly statues unearthed from the king's tomb in northern Egypt centered on Memphis, including the statue of the throne of Kafler, the cross-legged minister, King Rip of Rashet, and the statues of Wang Fei and Ferrete. The latter is a color image of limestone, which still maintains bright colors.
In the Middle Kingdom, wood carving gradually replaced stone carving. The colorful woodcarving portraits of soldiers and sacrifices on display are extremely exquisite. The New Kingdom period, especially the 18th Dynasty (BC 1584- BC 65438+ BC 034 1), was a prosperous time for Egypt. In addition to the statues of Thutmose III, Ramses II and Amundhotep IV, there are statues of kneeling and squatting.
Greek and Roman exhibits have different sculptures, which blend the realistic style of Greece. The second floor is the special exhibition room. There are coffin rooms, mummy rooms, jewelry rooms, painting rooms, funerary objects rooms, prehistoric relics rooms, Tutankhamun rooms and papyrus rooms. There are 1700 unearthed cultural relics in Tutankhamun's room. Among them, the Jin Mianju, golden coffin and golden throne of Tutankhamun's mummy are comparable to the most boastful cultural relics in any museum in the world. The gold mask, in particular, is made of gold plates according to the appearance of the king before his death. It is covered with rubies, and there are vultures and cobras symbolizing the rulers of upper and lower Egypt on the forehead.
These splendid gold products fully reflect the wealth of ancient Egypt and the great power of Pharaoh. The mummy showroom in the southwest corner of the second floor is the most attractive place in the Egyptian Museum. There are more than 20 mummies of Egyptian pharaohs and their concubines here. Mummies are mummies made thousands of years ago. On the lid and inside of the human coffin where the mummy was stored, the patron saint or scripture of the deceased was depicted. For example, Astem Kabu's colorful wooden coffin lid is 205 cm high, and the eyebrows are inlaid with enamel, giving people an elegant feeling. Some mummies preserved in Egyptian museums have a history of more than 3,500 years, but they are still well preserved, and some of them can clearly see their hair and toenails.
Among them, the best preserved is the remains of Ramses II of the New Kingdom 19 Dynasty (about BC1317-1251). In the history of Egypt, Ramses II was the first person to conclude a peace treaty with the foreign enemy Hittites, so the exhibition room where Ramses II's body was placed was called the War and Peace Exhibition Room. Luxor Temple Luxor is located on the Nile River more than 700 kilometers south of Cairo. The most striking monuments in Luxor are the Karnak Temple and Luxor Temple on the east bank of the Nile. Among them, the Karnak Temple is one of the most spectacular ancient buildings in the world. Luxor Montbour is a proof of Luxor's glorious past.
It was built by 19 Pharaoh of ancient Egypt 18 and 15 dynasties (reigned from 1398 BC to13 BC1year) to worship the sun god Amon, his concubine and his son luna. In the late 18 dynasty, it was expanded by ramses ii, forming a scale that has been passed down to this day. Once, the houses of Luxor residents were built on ancient tombs. Many people dug in their homes and found many cultural relics.
At that time, the black market was particularly strong, and many cultural relics were lost overseas. Later, the Egyptian government made up its mind to find a batch of funds from Germany and relocate these residents to other places, which only curbed this phenomenon. 1997165438+1October 17 in the morning 10, at the entrance of the temple of Hatshepsut, a famous tourist attraction in Luxor, Egypt, six terrorists suddenly shot at tourists with submachine guns. More than 60 foreign tourists and Egyptians died on the spot and more than 20 people were injured. On the way to escape by car, the murderer started a gun battle with the police who heard the news and were all killed. On the day of the incident, an organization calling itself an Islamic organization claimed responsibility for the incident. After the incident, the number of tourists to Egypt plummeted.
In order to save the pillar industry of the national economy, the Egyptian government has set up a tourist police force of up to 30,000 people to provide free security for tourists. Finally, the number of tourists in 200 1 year returned to the original level. The rising Nile water threatens Luxor and Karnak Temple. Due to the extensive irrigation of farmland near this area, the water level of the Nile rose, and the salinization of buildings deepened in recent 10 years. Thousands of years old temples in Luxor are constantly being eroded. In some areas of Luxor, the water level of the Nile rose by 1.5 meters. At the same time, salinization is eroding the pigments used for columns and statues. Kard-Abdale Hadi, chief engineer of Egypt's Supreme Council of Cultural Relics, said that the Aswan Dam, which is used to regulate the water level of the Nile, is an important reason for this problem.
As the Luxor complex was completed 5,000 years ago, the seasonal flood of the Nile will wash salt away from the pillars of the temple. These salts are formed in the dry season. However, after the completion of the Aswan Dam, the water level of the Nile has remained at the same level for many years, which made the temple accumulate more and more salt. In addition, organic substances such as fertilizers used in nearby sugarcane fields and rice fields also accelerated the salinization process. The accumulated river water has become a hotbed of bacteria and fungi, which makes the protection of cultural relics more complicated. Egyptian officials tried to persuade farmers to change irrigation methods to save the temple, but with little success. Egyptian Culture Minister Farouk hosny (month 16) announced that Egypt will immediately start implementing a new rescue plan.
Farouk said that this is the decision made by the Egyptian cultural relics management department and Swedish SWECO company after four years of in-depth research. The plan is to build an advanced drainage pipeline system and a sewage recycling plant in the area around the two temples, so as to isolate the temples from the rivers. This plan will take 18 months. At the same time, he revealed that USAID has decided to provide 50 million Egyptian pounds (about 8.33 million US dollars) for this project. Hawass, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Egyptian Cultural Relics, also said on the same day that due to the lack of a perfect drainage pipeline system, the groundwater level in some cities in Egypt is rising, posing a threat to many cultural relics. Luxor and Karnak Temple projects will be an important part of the Egyptian government's protection and rescue of cultural relics and historic sites.
The present situation of Luxor's protection is not optimistic. A few years ago, when he was studying in Luxor, he saw with his own eyes that some temple buildings had a layer of white crystals on their surfaces, which was a sign of salinization. It can be seen that this problem is not new. As an ancient country rich in cultural relics, Egypt's protection of cultural relics is limited by conditions, and many measures are difficult to be put in place at once. But at least the Egyptian government is trying. Take the pyramids for example. At first, the pyramids were always open to tourists.
Later, people found that the pigments in the murals in the pyramids faded. After research, it is considered that air humidity is caused by human breathing, so the opening time of the pyramid is reduced to one hour a day.