Literally, the South Pole is the southernmost tip of the earth. In fact, it has many meanings, such as Antarctic, Antarctic continent, Antarctic region and Antarctic circle. The geographical South Pole is the South Pole and the South Magnetic Pole.
The natural environment of Antarctica can be summarized into five extremes: Antarctica is the coldest continent in the world, with an annual average temperature of minus 25 degrees Celsius and an extreme minimum temperature of minus 89.2 degrees Celsius; Antarctica is the continent with the largest ice and snow reserves in the world, with a continental ice sheet of 27 million cubic kilometers, which stores 90% of the world's total ice, equivalent to 72% of the world's total fresh water; Antarctica is the driest continent in the world. The annual precipitation in inland plateau is less than 50 mm, and that in Antarctic is less than 3 mm; Antarctica is the continent with the highest wind speed and the most frequent storms in the world. The annual average wind speed is17 ~18m per second, and the maximum wind speed is 80 ~100m per second. Antarctica is the highest continent in the world, with an average elevation of 2000 meters, which is three times that of other continents. There are only some scientific researchers and whaling teams from other continents in Antarctica, and there are no settled residents.
The Antarctic continent is the last continent that humans have reached. In the past century, thousands of explorers and scientists in the world have gradually unveiled the mystery of Antarctica with perseverance. Humans have established more than 50 perennial scientific research stations in Antarctica, covering dozens of disciplines such as meteorology, glaciology, earth science, oceanography, biology, human physiology and medicine.
1772 after the Antarctic expedition began, many countries put forward their territorial rights to Antarctica. 1959, 12 countries signed the Antarctic treaty. The territories of various countries advocate freezing for 30 years. The struggle for Antarctic territory and resources development in many countries is still fierce. Many countries have research stations in Antarctica. China has Great Wall Station on George Island in the east of Antarctica and Zhongshan Station in Prydz Bay.
Its main contents are: Antarctica is only used for peaceful purposes, ensuring the freedom of scientific investigation in the Antarctic region, promoting international cooperation in scientific investigation, prohibiting all activities of a military nature, nuclear explosions and radioactive waste disposal in the Antarctic region, and freezing territorial claims to Antarctica. At present, many countries in the world have joined the Antarctic Treaty.
19 12 years, German scientists put forward the theory of "continental drift", arguing that South America, Africa, Australia, Madagascar, the Indian Peninsula and Antarctica were ancient continents that were linked together a long time ago and were called Gondwana continent. Later, due to the drift of the mainland, Gondwana split and disintegrated, which became the land and sea distribution of the earth now. The rocks and fossils of Antarctic continent provide the most direct evidence for the theory of "continental drift". Antarctic meteorites are rich in reserves and species, and can remain intact, which is a treasure house for human beings to study the solar system.
Among the six continents in the world, Antarctica is bigger than Australia, ranking fifth. Antarctica and Australia are the only two continents in the world surrounded by oceans, surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, forming a huge hydrosphere around the earth, which is completely closed. It is a continent far from other continents and completely isolated from the civilized world. So far, there are still no permanent residents, and only a few researchers take turns to live and work temporarily in a few research stations.
In the Putokabi Palace in Istanbul, Turkey, maps drawn by Ottoman naval commanders in the 6th century 15 13 to 1528 are preserved. In the postscript, Rice wrote: "In order to draw this map, I referred to 20 ancient maps ..." Experts were surprised to find that these maps were absolutely accurate and came from the Mediterranean. Even the main peaks and rivers in Antarctica are accurately marked on the map. However, according to historical records, the Antarctic continent was only confirmed to exist in 1820. The most surprising thing is that the mountains on the map were not discovered by scientists until 1952. Today's Antarctic continent is a world of ice and snow, with neither rivers nor bays. However, people have gone from 1532 to Olongji. The location of the river bend marked on the map of Fez Antarctic really found glaciers hidden under the ice and snow. Experts infer that these maps should have been drawn when the Antarctic continent was not covered with ice and snow, and the time was 6000 to 15000 years ago.
Under the frozen Antarctic for thousands of years, there must be many secrets hidden waiting for human beings to discover. After World War II, the Antarctic began to attract the attention of historians. At the beginning of the 20th century, the famous Russian encyclopedias brockhaus and Ephron mentioned that there are many kinds of algae and marine animals living in Antarctic water.
There is a hypothesis that from 5000 BC to 10000 BC, human civilization appeared on the earth, which was not lower than the level of 18 century in navigation, drawing and astronomy. Antarctica had a mild climate at that time and later spread to the northeast of the African continent. The reason for the disappearance of this ancient civilization is that after about 10 thousand BC, the southern continent gradually froze. It may be that the local long-term flood destroyed almost all prehistoric material civilizations. Some of them are covered with thick Antarctic ice, and typical prehistoric civilizations have survived, which may have been passed on to Egyptians and Semou.
This hypothesis seems to be confirmed. According to the Russian Pravda 165438+ 10 14, human civilization on earth may have originated from the Antarctic continent covered with snow and ice for thousands of years!
Einstein believed that more than 10,000 years ago, the Antarctic was not in the Antarctic, but in the temperate zone. At that time, the Antarctic continent with suitable temperature and climate may have bred a highly developed ancient civilization. After that, the Antarctic drifted to the Antarctic in the world of ice and snow, and the climate suddenly became extremely cold. The mainland was covered with ice and snow, and the Antarctic civilization disappeared.
1840, Khalil Edhai, curator of Istanbul National Museum, discovered a strange ancient map in Topca Bibi Palace in Istanbul. This ancient map was discovered at the beginning of18th century and is a copy. On the map, except for the Mediterranean region, America, Africa and other areas are seriously deformed.
Later, scientists finally found the original map, which was drawn by Admiral Pierres of the Turkish Imperial Fleet in 15 13, marking almost 200 years before this mysterious land was discovered in Antarctica.
When scientists made further research on the ancient map, they were surprised to find that the ancient map was actually a bird's eye view. Surprisingly, the ancient map also depicts the complex landforms under the Antarctic ice sheet, which is no different from the exploration map of Antarctic subglacial topography drawn by 1952 with echo sounder.
1532, the cartographer Orentius FiNanus drew another map based on the world map drawn by historical materials, and marked the riverbed of Antarctica on the map. 1949, an expedition arrived in the Ross Sea in Antarctica and found the riverbed marked on the map. In the riverbed, there are many mid-latitude fine-grained rocks and other sediments brought to the South Pole by rivers.
Later, scientists at the Carnegie Institution in Washington studied these sediments and found that they had a history of more than 6,000 years. That is to say, 6000 years ago, when the Antarctic ice age was warm, all rivers were flowing, with lush vegetation and vitality. The map of Fanor clearly confirms an amazing view: before the ice and snow were completely covered, humans had already come to Antarctica and even settled down. If so, then the people who originally drew the Antarctic map should be Antarctic people who lived in very ancient times.
This is a pure land that has not been occupied by human beings. Pure air, white snow and lovely creatures are the same as before the arrival of mankind.
Antarctica is not a barren land. Although the cold makes it impossible for human beings to survive, it is actually a paradise for wild animals, but many animals here are unfamiliar to us. It is home to penguins, seals, Antarctic krill, Antarctic seabirds and many rare invertebrate cold-blooded animals. They may be the happiest animals on earth, because few humans bother them.