Positive four products. Those who are stationed in the capital are placed under the collar; The garrison is placed under the collar. In wartime, the commander is usually an administrative official, responsible for his household registration, farmland residence, military status and litigation. Most of his duties are hereditary. It is also the name of social and military groups.
Extended data:
In the early Manchu society, when sending troops or making mistakes, we acted according to the family village, and every 10 chose one person as the leader, which was called the true amount of cattle (the meaning of the arrow master). In the twenty-ninth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (160 1), Nurhachi designated 300 people as 1 Lu Niu, as the basic military establishment unit of household registration, and Lu Niu was really managed by 1 people before it officially became the official name. In the seventh year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty and the eighth year of Jin Tiancong (1634), it was renamed Lu Niu Zhangjing. After entering the customs, it was changed to Zuo Ling in the Han Dynasty, which was the fourth grade.
Those who are stationed in the capital are placed under the collar; The garrison is placed under the collar. In wartime, the commander is usually an administrative official, responsible for his household registration, farmland residence, military status and litigation. Most of his duties are hereditary. It is also the name of social and military groups. Lu Niu is the basic unit of the Eight Banners. In the early Manchu society, it had three functions: administration, production and military. After entering the customs, the military function was strengthened and the production function gradually disappeared. The number of able-bodied men under the jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty was different in different periods.
At Huang taiji, each assistant led about 200 able-bodied men; There are thirty or forty people in Kangxi; During the Jiaqing period, the rate was 150. Xiao Ting Miscellaneous Notes on the Official System in the Early Years of China clearly states: "After entering the customs, the officials who changed the presidential flag service were commander-in-chief, one for each flag, and the participants were deputy commander-in-chief, two for each flag. It consists of officials such as leaders and deputy leaders. " Qing? Hobango? "Night Tan Suilu Rat Wolf": "A good wine for fun."
In the late Qing Dynasty, the navy was established. The length of a ship is called Guanling, and its assistant is called Zuo Ling. ? Ma Jianzhong? Li Boxiang's Rethinking on He's Letter about Establishing a Navy Division: "China initially established a Navy Division, but it was extremely useful to have 10 inspectors, 50 inspectors and 200 assistants.
Flag owner: In the Eight Banners, the highest official position in the Banner is Dutong (Manchu Gushan is true), and the grade is subordinate to Yipin, which is in charge of household registration, education, official succession, military training and other affairs in the Banner. The real owner is the flag owner. Whether you are an ordinary flag bearer or a commander-in-chief, you are an official of the flag owner. As long as you are still in the flag, the two sides will always be subordinate to each other, which can be said to be superiors.
They are basically either emperors or princes. The following are the owners of the flag at the beginning of its creation:
Flag of Huang Zheng: flag owner Nurhachi
Yellow flag: flag owner Nurhachi
Zhengbai Banner: Huang Taiji, the eighth son of flag owner Nurhachi.
White flag: Azig, the twelfth son of the flag owner Nurhachi.
The front is inlaid with a red flag: Daishan, the second son of the flag owner Nurhachi.
Zhenglan Banner: A Min, nephew of flag owner Nurhachi.
Blue Flag: Mangetai, the fifth son of the flag owner Nurhachi.
Commander: Clean official name. Positive second product, one flag and one person, responsible for protecting the military camp law.
L: The Chinese translation of Jia La 'e Town, the official of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty (Huang Taiji was renamed Jia Jing when he was born). , each flag (Gushan) governs the five leaders ("Jala", also translated as "Zhalan"). Positive three products. The assistant collar is level 4.
The Qing Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty in the history of China. In order to strengthen centralization, weaken and divide the rights of ministers, and prevent powerful ministers from usurping the throne, a set of official system different from previous dynasties was established. There are nine grades and eighteen grades of official system in Qing dynasty, which are divided into two categories: central official position and local official position.
In the Qing dynasty, the central official positions were divided into three categories: the central department, the auxiliary department and the suggestion department. For example, the cabinet, the military department, and the six departments. In Qing Dynasty, local officials were divided into civil servants and military attaché s, such as governors, governors, generals and magistrates.
Following the tradition of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty set up six departments (officials, households, ceremonies, soldiers, criminals and workers), and the heads of each department (university students, ministers, assistant ministers, etc.). ) is called the hall official, while the doctor, the foreign minister, the principal and seven small Beijing officials below the principal are called the department officials.
In addition to the six departments, the central administrative institutions established side by side with the six departments are: Dali Temple, Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Taibu Temple, Split Temple, imperial academy, Qin, Hanlin Academy, Tai Hospital, Lifan Academy, Zongren House, Zhanshi House and Interior House.
The setting of the six departments is the same as that of the Ming Dynasty. But there are three changes.
First, six officials were reinstated, that is, if there are Han members, there must be full staff. The same is true of ministers and assistant ministers, as well as officials. Generally speaking, the official handprint is full, and the job is for Han people. There is also a pen-paste style, which means clerical officer in Manchu, specially designed for writing essays, and is served by Manchu, Mongolian and Han banners (all temples have settings).
Second, some adjustments have been made to the affiliated institutions. For example, the Ministry of Housing has 14 offices and the Ministry of Punishment has 18 offices.
Third, its authority is less than that of the Six Departments of the Ming Dynasty. For example, part of the personnel rights of the official department are transferred to the military department. The Ministry of War doesn't ask about the Eight Banners' military and political affairs. green camp's specific affairs are checked by our company, and military mobilization and life will be levied. It belongs to the emperor and comes from the military department. The Ministry of Industry is in charge of engineering construction, but important projects such as the Yellow River and seawalls are scheduled by the emperor, and the Ministry of Industry does not ask. During the Qianlong period, in addition to six, another music department was added. The Music Department manages the big sacrifice ceremony, the performance of the big dynasty and the examination and approval of musical instruments. Minister of music. Conducted the music department, and the sound department and entertainment department.
References:
Zuo Ling-Baidu encyclopedia