2. The feudal period was also the period of early expansion. Xia, Shang and Zhou continued to expand. Xia dynasty has controlled the whole middle reaches of the Yellow River, Shang dynasty controlled the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the western Zhou dynasty has a larger scope, controlling the western Huaihe River and the northern Hanshui River. The expansion mode of the Western Zhou Dynasty was to seal the country, which was later called feudalism.
3. During the Great Transformation of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The feudal expansion of the Western Zhou Dynasty was too fast, which led to its own instability. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the status of the Emperor declined, and the feudal princes became powerful, threatening the feudal system itself: from the annexation of feudal countries to the elimination of doctors among big countries. This led to the decline of China's vassal states from more than 1,000 to seven or eight big countries and a dozen small countries in the early Warring States period. Finally, Qin annexed other countries. The collapse of the feudal system in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty led to the collapse of feudal ethics, and the learning of aristocrats drifted to the people, which made the civilians on the historical stage. The study of Confucius (benevolence) is basically the study of nobles, while Mencius is the study of emerging civilians (righteousness).
4. Qin merged with the six countries, completely abolished the collapsed feudal system and established the county system. Qin also tried to abolish folk knowledge and civilian thought in order to establish an eternal empire. But the awakened thoughts of ordinary people can no longer be suppressed. So the Qin Dynasty was overthrown by the people and the Han Dynasty was established.
The Han Dynasty itself was a court established by civilians. Although it inherited the unified situation of the Qin Dynasty, there were not many restrictions on the treatment of civilians. During the Han Dynasty, China expanded its territory. The territory of the Han Dynasty basically coincides with several areas of modern Han people. The Han Dynasty was so powerful that foreigners called China "Han Chinese", but China people at that time also called themselves Huaxia.
6. The Han Dynasty collapsed in the scuffle between the corrupt royal family and the separatist warlords. And folk morality has also been corrupted by the royal family. China lost his positive thoughts and was replaced by a conversation that had nothing to do with reality. Barbarians took the opportunity to invade China, and China lost its northern territory. Due to moral corruption, orthodoxy in southern China gradually degenerated. The north was destroyed by barbarians. Only Liangzhou in the northwest, the only enclave in the north of China, maintained a positive civilization, which gave birth to the later Sui and Tang Dynasties.
7. Hu had no luck for a hundred years, the northern barbarians were extravagant, and the Han army took the opportunity to seize power. Establish the Sui Dynasty. After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, China was restored by getting rid of most of the bad habits brought by barbarians. After the Sui Dynasty unified the south, it became proud. Unrestricted conquest led to people's riots. The Tang Dynasty was established on the basis of putting down the rebellion, and the whole country entered its heyday.
8. The Tang Dynasty gave preferential treatment to Hu people. Led to the riots of the conference semifinals. The Anshi Rebellion destroyed the northern civilization center and turned the Yellow River into a harmful river. The cultural and economic center of China has thus moved to the Yangtze River valley in the south.
9. In the late Tang Dynasty, the whole country was divided, and only most areas were unified in the Song Dynasty. The northeast and northwest of the horse-producing areas were occupied by Liao and Xixia respectively. The Song Dynasty had to invent firearms. The world has since entered the era of hot weapons. Although the Song Dynasty overthrew two northern rivals and resisted Mongolia for more than 50 years, it was finally destroyed by Mongolia. China's first national subjugation. The brutal rule of Mongolia led to the continuous outbreak of great uprisings in China. In the end, the great uprising destroyed the Mongolian ruling machine, and a branch of the rebel army invaded Dadu, driving away the Mongols and establishing the Ming Dynasty. China is the first independent country among all the countries occupied by Mongolia.
10, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, devoted himself to restoring Chinese civilization. However, because most intellectuals were enslaved by Mongols, Zhu Yuanzhang's own ability was limited. So Chinese civilization is only partially restored. But this is much better than other countries occupied by Mongolia. Central Asian countries were devastated, and it took Russia 200 years to recover. During the Ming Dynasty, China experienced a relatively stable period of 200 years, and its civilization developed greatly. In the late Ming Dynasty, China became the center of trade, culture and science and technology. Total wealth accounts for two-thirds of the world. At that time, two thirds of the publications were in China. The Ming civilization spread all over the world and promoted the Renaissance in Europe.
1 1, civil strife in Ming dynasty led to Manchu invasion. China was once again completely conquered. The Qing Dynasty destroyed most of Chinese civilization, and China changed from the most civilized, developed and greatest country in the world to a very backward and ignorant semi-barbaric region. However, China people's struggle against oppression continued, and the arrival of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom reached a climax. Then the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of Manchuria and established the first people's country in Asia.
12, which is omitted later.