I. List of Dynasties
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Second, the dynasty information
1, Xia
Xia dynasty (about 2070- 1600 BC) was the first hereditary dynasty recorded in China's history books. There are a certain number of bronze and jade ritual vessels in the cultural relics of the Xia Dynasty, dating from the late Neolithic Age to the early Bronze Age.
According to historical records, Biography of Yu was written, which changed the abdication system of primitive tribes and initiated the hereditary system in China for nearly 4,000 years. Therefore, the "home world" in China's history began with the establishment of the Xia Dynasty.
1 1 tribes of Xia nationality are related to the central royal family in Xia Houshi by blood, political enfeoffment and economic tribute, which roughly constitute the core territory of Xia dynasty.
Summer begins in the west of Henan Province and the south of Shanxi Province, east to the junction of Henan Province, Shandong Province and Hebei Province, south to the north of Hubei Province and north to the south of Hebei Province. The geographical centers of this area are Yanshi, Dengfeng, Xinmi and Yuzhou in Henan Province.
It is generally believed that the Xia Dynasty * * * spread from the14th generation to the17th generation (the ruler of the Xia Dynasty called it "Hou" when he was in office and "Emperor" after his death), which lasted about 47 1 year and was destroyed by the Shang Dynasty. Later generations often call themselves "Huaxia", making it synonymous with China.
Through the study of the dynastic history of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties and the tracing project of Chinese civilization, the social picture of Zhixia Shang period from 2500 BC to 1500 BC is preliminarily outlined.
Six large-scale and high-grade central capitals of Xia Dynasty, including Yangcheng, Du Yu (now Wang Chenggang site in Dengfeng, Zhengzhou, Henan Province), have been included in the research focus.
There are many records about Xia Dynasty in China traditional literature. Erlitou culture discovered in western Henan province has the basic conditions of Xia culture era and geographical location, but it has not been able to find a written record similar to that of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Anyang Yin Ruins.
Many Chinese and foreign historians believe that the first or second phase of the authentic product (Erlitou Site of Xiadu, Yanshi, Luoyang, Henan Province) is the remains of the capital of Xia Dynasty.
2. Qin dynasty
The Qin Dynasty (22 BC1-207 BC) was the first unified dynasty in the history of China, which was developed by the State of Qin during the Warring States Period. Fei Da, the ancestor of the Qin people, is a descendant of Zhuan Xu, the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, and was given the surname of Won.
When he was in Qin Mugong, he was a wise man, coachable was modest, destroyed twelve countries, traveled thousands of miles, and became increasingly powerful. 36 1 year ago, Qin Xiaogong succeeded to the throne and reused Shang Yang's two political reforms, which made Qin's economy develop and the combat effectiveness of the army continuously strengthened, and developed into the most prosperous vassal state at the end of the Warring States Period.
Qin destroyed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi successively, and completed the great cause of reunification. 22 1 years ago, the king of Qin proclaimed himself emperor, which was called "Qin Shihuang" in history.
The Qin dynasty set up three officials and nine ministers in the central government to manage state affairs; Partially abolish the enfeoffment system and replace it with the county system; Implement books in the same language, cars in the same track and unified measurement. Attack the Huns in the north, conquer hundreds of places in the south, build the Great Wall to repel foreign enemies, and dig Lingqu to connect the water system.
The establishment of centralization laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2,000 years, and laid the ruling foundation of China's unified dynasty, so it was called "the implementation of Qin politics and law in past dynasties".
The Qin Dynasty ended the 500-year-old warlord regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and became the first multi-ethnic centralized country in China's history. This has had a profound impact on the history of China.
Before 2 10, Qin Shihuang died in a sand dune (now the northwest of Guangzong County, Hebei Province) during his cruise. His son Hu Hai acceded to the throne as Qin Ershi. Although the Qin dynasty had a great influence in history, it abused the people's power and was unified for only ten years.
In the first 209 years, Chen Sheng and Guangwu cut wood into enemy weapons, rose up and the whole world responded. Liu Bang and Xiang Yu fought against Qin in Jianghuai. Before 207, Qin died.
3. Western Jin Dynasty
The Western Jin Dynasty (AD 266-AD 3 16) is one of the unified dynasties in the history of China after the Three Kingdoms period, and it is also called the Jin Dynasty with the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Pass it on to the four emperors, and the country will be fifty-one years. If you start by destroying Wu Dong, you will only stand for 37 years. In order to distinguish it from the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the history is called the Western Jin Dynasty, and the two Jin Dynasties are also called Sima Jin. ?
At the end of the Three Kingdoms, Qiu, a general of Cao Wei, Sima Yi, a teacher, and Sima Shi, the second son, were all powerful ministers. In 265 AD, Sima Yan took the place of Cao Wei's regime and established a new regime. The founding country name is Jin, and its capital is Luoyang. After the Western Jin Dynasty replaced Wei Dynasty, the battle of Xiling occurred, and Sun Wu was destroyed in 280 AD, ending the division and reunification of the three countries.
However, after the destruction of Wu, the whole country in the Western Jin Dynasty was immersed in an atmosphere of extravagance and corruption. Emperor Wu of Jin was born in a clan, and his family has long developed into a huge powerful group. Therefore, since the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, the political style has been very dark and bribery has become the norm.
A major feature of the Western Jin Dynasty is that a large number of nomadic tribes moved inward. Since Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty allowed border people to move in, a large number of nomadic people moved in. By the time of the Western Jin Dynasty, the foreigners in Guanzhong and Liangzhou had accounted for half of the local population.
These foreigners were taken into slavery by the clan. Due to many immigrants, it is not far from the Jin people in Guanzhong area. For the subjugation of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Sixteen Countries of Wuhu laid the groundwork.
After the Eight Kings Rebellion, the western Jin Dynasty was badly weakened, and the nationalities who moved in took the opportunity to dispatch troops, resulting in the situation of five chaos, and a large number of people and clans began to cross south. The Western Jin Dynasty was a short-lived unity during the long-term division of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which was called "a flash in the pan". In 3 17 AD, Si Marui proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang and rebuilt Wu, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history.
During the Western Jin Dynasty, it was famous for imitating the high-temperature firing of celadon for casting bronzes. The education level in the Western Jin Dynasty was also very high. Wang Shuhe, a famous doctor, wrote Pulse Sutra; Pei Xiu, a geographer, compiled Map of Gong Yu; and Chen Shou wrote The History of the Three Kingdoms.
4. Sui Dynasty
The Sui Dynasty (581-618 or 6 19) was a unified dynasty in the history of China. ?
In February of 58 1 year, Emperor Jingdi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty abdicated to Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty perished. Yang established the title of "Sui" and made its capital Daxing (now Shaanxi An). In 589 AD, the Chen Dynasty perished in the south, and China was unified, ending nearly 300 years of division since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty.
In 605 AD, after Yang Di ascended the throne, Yuwen Kai was ordered to build Tokyo and moved the capital to Luoyang (now Luoyang, Henan) in the same year. During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, the people's livelihood was rich, the people lived and worked in peace and contentment, and the politics was clear, which created a prosperous situation of ruling the emperor.
During the reign of Yang Di in Sui Dynasty, the Grand Canal was built, but the excessive consumption of national strength led to the rebellion of the people and nobles at the end of Sui Dynasty. In 6 18, Yu Wenhuaji and others launched a mutiny and killed the emperor Yang Di.
Emperor Yangdi You Yang abdicated and established the Tang Dynasty. In 6 19, Yang Dong, the king's emperor, was also abolished, and the Sui Dynasty perished, which lasted for 38 years.
The Sui Dynasty carried out drastic reforms in the political, economic, cultural and diplomatic fields. The political system of three provinces and six departments was established, which was more perfect in the Tang Dynasty, consolidated centralization, formally implemented the imperial examination system, selected outstanding talents, and weakened the phenomenon of clan monopoly of official positions.
In addition, the system of deliberation, supervision and performance evaluation of government affairs hall was established, the government mechanism was strengthened, politics was reformed according to the experience of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Sui and Tang Grand Canal was built, and the land and water transportation lines were improved.
Militarily, we will continue to implement and improve the government soldier system. Economically, on the one hand, the land equalization system is implemented, the tax and fee system is changed, and the production pressure of farmers is reduced; On the other hand, measures such as checking accounts, such as reading appearance and setting samples, are taken to increase fiscal revenue.
In terms of diplomacy, the prosperity of the Sui Dynasty also made the neighboring countries and China's ethnic minorities, such as Gaochang, Japan, Koguryo, Silla, Baekje and the surrendered East Turkic, deeply influenced by the culture and laws of the Sui Dynasty, among which the Japanese envoy to Sui was the most famous in diplomacy.
5. Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty (6 18-907) was a unified Central Plains dynasty after the Sui Dynasty, with a total of 2 1 emperor and enjoyed the country for 289 years.
At the end of the Sui Dynasty, the world was in harmony. In 6 17, Tang Guogong Li Yuan set out for Jinyang and proclaimed himself emperor in Chang 'an the following year. Emperor Taizong advocated the rule of chastity after he ascended the throne. Tang Gaozong inherited the legacy of Zhenguan and initiated the rule of Yonghui.
In 690, Wu Zetian took the Tang Dynasty in the Zhou Dynasty and made Luoyang its capital, which was called Wu Zhou in history, creating a situation of running the world and laying the foundation for the emergence of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In 705, after the Dragon Revolution, Tang Zhongzong restored the title of the Tang Dynasty.
After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ascended the throne, he created a prosperous new century in which all ethnic groups came to Korea. At the end of Tianbao, the national population reached about 80 million. After the Anshi Rebellion, the vassal regime became independent, and the eunuchs were authoritarian, which led to the gradual decline of national strength;
In the middle and late period, the trend of developing Jingyuan, Huichang and Dazhong was gradually strengthened. In 878, Huang Chao destroyed the ruling foundation of the Tang Dynasty. In 907, Zhu Wen usurped the throne, the Tang Dynasty perished, and China entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. ?
The territory of the Tang Dynasty was unprecedented. At its peak, its territory started from the Sea of Japan in the east, occupied by Annan in the south, the Aral Sea in the west and Lake Baikal in the north. It is the first unified dynasty in China since the Qin Dynasty that did not build the Great Wall of Hu.
After the Tang Dynasty conquered East Turkistan and Xue Yantuo, Emperor Tiandi was honored as Tiankhan by the four clans, and used the imprisonment system to recruit Turkic, Uighur, Tiele, Qidan, Mohong, Shiwei and other vassal states to attack the enemy, so that Japan, Nanzhao, Silla and Bohai could learn their own culture and system.
The economy, society, culture and art of the Tang Dynasty are characterized by diversity and openness. A large number of famous poets have emerged in poetry, calligraphy, painting and music, such as poet Li Bai, poet Du Fu, poet Bai Juyi, calligrapher Yan Zhenqing, painter Wu Daozi and musician Li Guinian. The Tang Dynasty accepted the exchange and study of various countries and formed an open and diverse culture.
The Tang Dynasty was one of the most powerful countries in the world at that time, with a well-known reputation and contacts with Asian and European countries. After the Tang Dynasty, overseas Chinese mostly called themselves Tang people.
Baidu encyclopedia-Chinese historical dynasties
Baidu Encyclopedia-Xia Dynasty
Baidu Encyclopedia-Qin Dynasty
Baidu Encyclopedia-Western Jin Dynasty
Baidu Encyclopedia-Sui Dynasty
Baidu Encyclopedia-Tang Dynasty