The word "party struggle" is a common phenomenon in ancient feudal dynasty politics. Although modernity has been weakened in China, it is often said that gangs and parties pursue personal interests; In foreign countries, this kind of situation still happens frequently, especially in election years. When all political parties attack each other in pursuit of common or individual political and economic interests, they often do their best, just like acting, but rarely involve their own lives.
In ancient China, the speech of party struggle was always derogatory, and the process was bloody. The result of the inner-party struggle was that officials were exiled and the party's * * * was beheaded. The rise and fall of the core figures in the party is related to political interest groups. In addition, the evolution of political party struggle, from the concentration of the initial Zhou Dynasty to the struggle between cronies, each dynasty has different characteristics.
The traditional Chinese character "dang" is a common word, while "dang" is an uncommon word, which is only used as a surname. The word "dang" consists of "Shang" and "Black". The word "dang" is interpreted as "invasion is not fresh", that is, invasion is not clear. : "Let the five compare with each other and protect each other; The fifth is the best, let them fall in love; Lu is a family, so he was buried together; These five families are on one side, so that they can save each other; These five political parties are countries, which makes them match each other; These five States are towns, which makes them very friendly. " : "Five hundred is the party. Party, often also. The elders who get together are also respected. " It can be seen that the "party" first refers to relatives, caring for each other and helping each other, so the party leader said.
Later, both "Bi" and "Party" were extended to assembly. Obviously, the party is much stronger than Bi, but it is all derogatory, such as Bi Zhou, a party confidant. So now some people vividly compare "party" to "several people in black clothes gathered in the room", which is of course far-fetched. 1956 The word "black" in "Party" was removed and changed to "Zi" through the simplified word scheme. It can also be said that it is composed of "Shang" and "brothers", which means that the two brothers discuss things together and digress.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Party gradually became a small group. : "Don't exceed the time, don't associate with people, don't be ignorant and make public, and ancient Chinese is also." The so-called "than Zhou" is more than the party, which means to get together. Zhou is gregarious. He said: "A gentleman is not as good as Zhou, and a villain is not as good as Zhou." That is to say, a gentleman does not engage in cronyism, and the door is right; Little people don't fit in and collude with each other. Later, they used "contrast week" to describe nepotism.
The ancients, cronies who are harmful to Zhou, have long warned Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "If there are more governors than Zhou, cover up their beauty and promote their evil." : "Everyone is more burdened than Zhou, and the sage is far away." , "the warring States policy.
1: "In less than a week, life is at stake; If you are divided, you are safe. " It can be seen that if nepotism, cover people's eyes and ears, and add fuel to the fire, it will threaten the power of the rulers, and if the rulers can compete instead of nepotism, then this is the art of governing the country.
Therefore, from ancient times to the present, party struggle has a lot to do with the power dispersion and weakness of rulers. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the feudal consciousness of the vassal state of Zhou was very strong, so even if there were villains and cronies more powerful than Zhou, they had to respect the vassal state in name. The nobles of the vassal States were appointed by the vassal States. If they form a political party, they can't get a vassal state. Rulers have inherent power. Therefore, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the vassal states were divided and combined, and there were some cronyism among ministers, but they could not make waves.
In the Han dynasty, after the reunification of the Qin dynasty, the Han dynasty replaced it, so the feudal system of the Zhou dynasty had a weak influence on people. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang gradually eliminated the ministers who threatened the rule and gradually divided his children. At this time, the imperial power is stable, and the ministers themselves are in danger, let alone cronyism.
However, Lv Hou got off to a bad start. Even if Liu Bang said, "If it weren't for Liu, you wouldn't be a king," he still went his own way, and ministers could only kiss his ass. Since then, consortia have become a trend. And with the establishment of the dynasty, the prestige and influence of the founders of this country gradually disappeared. The result of hereditary descendants is that the imperial power is more and more fragile, which opens a gap for other groups to covet power.
In the Han Dynasty, especially in the Eastern Han Dynasty, consorts and eunuchs were typical "Bizhou" groups. Eunuchs are more unscrupulous. Because most emperors gained power in their early years, they had to rely on eunuchs to maintain political power or decide their own "rights." Therefore, eunuchs and other "abnormal personality" groups have become the hottest power centers. However, the imperial power was naturally unwilling, so the disaster of sealing the party eventually led to the demise of the Han Dynasty. But at that time, even if there was the word "accomplice", it could only be called the same kind, not the same kind, because most ministers opposed eunuchs to defend imperial power, not to seek personal gain and partnership.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, dynasties changed frequently, with one emperor and one minister, and the power of dynasties changed day and night. Therefore, ministers and scholars are at a loss, and many can only pursue transcendental metaphysics to pin their ideals. Therefore, the scribes at that time also became friends because of common interests, but they could not interfere with the power center of the rulers. Therefore, throughout the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, many law teachers were killed on the charge of "cronyism", but most of them were not really cronyism.
In the Tang Dynasty, real cronies began to appear. This is similar to the Han Dynasty. At the beginning of the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), Emperor Taizong's civilization was brilliant and his imperial power was powerful. All courtiers can only obey orders, and it is difficult to talk about becoming a political party. Similarly, similar to Lv Hou, Wu Zetian appeared, and then history entered a cycle.
Wu Zetian is much smarter than Lv Hou. Lv Hou only intervened in government affairs, while Wu Zetian was good at authority and ruling the world. Although great achievements have been made, the killing of Li Tang's children led to the decline of talents in Li Tang and weakened the influence of Li Tang's imperial power. After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, many emperors were ill or weak, which created conditions for ministers to covet power.
But the imperial power was stable at that time, and no one dared to get their hands on it except Li. Ministers and eunuchs can only compete for the ruling power, so the clique began to form formally. Among them, "Niu Li Party Struggle" is the most prosperous. The struggle between Niu Dang, led by Niu Sanger and Li Zongmin, and Li Dang and Qin Zheng, led by Li Deyu, began in Tang Xianzong period and ended in Xuanzong period of Tang Dynasty, which lasted nearly 40 years. Among them, the group power of eunuchs is revealed from time to time, and even affects the direction of inner-party struggle.
The party struggle with Niu Li stems from the cultural influence of the gate system. Although the Sui and Tang Dynasties were enlightened, the gate system has been deeply rooted in people's hearts since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and there is a huge cultural difference between them, which leads to political views attacking each other. Among them, Niu Dang is a new civilian landlord with literary background, and Li Dang is a bureaucrat with aristocratic descendants. Li Dang put forward "reuse the son of an official" and "attack the scholar". The Niudang came out and thought that talent was the foundation of the Tang Dynasty. From the initial argument to the subsequent demotion, the two sides were tit for tat and mutually exclusive, so many talented people were trapped in it and left to fend for themselves.
Although the struggle between Niu Libang and Niu Libang ended with Niu Libang leaving the central government, there was no winner. From the beginning of the initial rule of the Tang Dynasty, it caused irreparable cracks and had a serious impact on later generations. Tang Wenzong said: "Except for thieves from Hebei, it is difficult to make friends with the court." Wang Shan said: "The rise of cronies begins with gentlemen and is not defeated by bad guys. It is to hurt the community and the people, and they will never die. " . As a result of the party struggle, the power of the rulers in the Tang Dynasty was weakened, the buffer zone was divided, and they went their own way, and finally they had to end up.
In the Song Dynasty, the party struggle intensified. But this is not entirely a struggle between the gate valve system and the Jinshi class in the Tang Dynasty. Because the imperial examination system has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, most officials are scholars, which translates into political views on the imperial examination ruling strategy. In the Song Dynasty, although there were political disputes in the early Song Dynasty, it actually started with Wang Anshi's political reform.
From the second year of Xining, Song Shenzong in the Northern Song Dynasty, the new party reformers headed by Wang Anshi and the old party conservatives headed by Sima Guang fought and blamed each other. More than 50 years before and after the struggle between the old and new parties had a great influence on the politics of the Northern Song Dynasty. However, look at the old and new party struggles. It's all about gentlemen. In order to express his political views on political reform, Wang Anshi was "all ears". Wang Anshi, known as "Dou Xianggong", was eager for success, regardless of the needs of gradual reform, and took advantage of the trend, thinking that with the support of the emperor, he could get twice the result with half the effort. But I don't know if it was opposed by Empress Dowager Cixi, Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Shen, so haste makes waste. Finally, because of the new
After the death of Wang Anshi and Sima Guang, the nature of the old and new party struggles has changed. Later prime ministers often lacked tolerance for people, let alone gentlemanly manners, and even took personal revenge. Due to civil disturbances and the constant changes of laws and regulations, officials will be demoted sooner or later, which has caused great damage to social productive forces. Another change is that cronies are also split from each other, completely divorced from the party and turned into revenge against individuals.
For example, the dispute between Shu Party headed by Su Shi and Luo Party headed by Cheng Yi, because Su Shi was born as a scholar and Cheng Yi was born in cloth; Su Shi is generous and informal, and Cheng Yi is rigid and dogmatic; But they were all outstanding figures at that time, and there were many old students. Because they don't deal with each other, their students and disciples compete with each other. And they have all been demoted. Su Shi was eventually demoted to Danzhou and died, while Cheng Yi was robbed of his official position and died in Luoyang.
After the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty continued the legacy of party struggle in the Northern Song Dynasty, striving for power and profit, and opposing dissidents. But on the surface, it has changed from the political reform dispute to the main war faction and the main peace faction. Generally speaking, the peace faction has the upper hand and the war faction is in a weak position. Due to the partisan struggle, the Southern Song Dynasty faltered and finally died under the Mongolian fighters.
The party struggle in the Ming dynasty has been accompanied by all previous dynasties, and it is the bloodiest one in all previous dynasties. Start with the dispute between Huaixi and Dong Zhe in Hongwu period: Then, in the replacement of Zhong Ying and Daizong, Minister Jingtai counterattacked; Until the "big gift" in Jiajing period, the unbearable Zuo Shunmen incident of the old minister around the emperor, and the strict party rule of the world, Xu Jie and other "Wang Xue" ministers were forced to "strike hard" the villain; Until the three generations after Wanli, the internal party struggles in the imperial court were staged in Xuan, Kun, Qi, Chu, Zhejiang and other regions in turn, until the apocalypse dynasty finally evolved into the Yan Party and the so-called party struggles. Due to the constant struggle between the two sides and the changes and counterattacks of various factions, the ruling power of the court was disintegrated and the power of the court was weakened.
The party struggle in the Ming Dynasty was often not a tit-for-tat between court officials, but a public opinion jointly created by the government and the people, and the atmosphere of scholars participating in and discussing state affairs began. The party struggle in the Ming Dynasty was different from that in the previous generation. In the past, this was just to demote officials and give up exile. In the Ming dynasty, it did not stop sinking, and even its personality was destroyed. In the late Ming Dynasty, the Yan Party brutally suppressed the Party, and many party member were persecuted to death. As a result of the party struggle in the Ming Dynasty, politics was just like decoration, and people's lives were not peaceful. Therefore, when Emperor Chongzhen died in the late Ming Dynasty, it was reasonable to lament that "all ministers were at fault".
After the Qing Dynasty established its political power, it kept a high degree of vigilance against the lessons of the demise of the Ming Dynasty. First, be alert to the partisanship of the Han people and advocate literary inquisition. For suspicious parties or clues, immediately suppress them with a high degree of zero tolerance. It's a trivial matter to behead and steal property, and sometimes it will destroy the people of Jiuzu, so officials and ministers are very cautious about their words and deeds. As for relatives and powerful people, they are not weak at all. As long as they covet imperial power, they will be cut off one by one. Therefore, in the Qing dynasty, party struggles rarely occurred. However, the entanglement between the old students' association and the officials became more and more fierce, forming a dark torrent and gradually invading the foundation of the rulers. Under the invasion of western powers, the Qing empire collapsed rapidly and the feudal dynasty in history came to an end.
Finally, from the pre-Qin period, that is, cronyism and cronyism compared with the Zhou Dynasty, to the power struggle between consorts and eunuchs in the Han Dynasty, to the tit-for-tat and bloody slaughter in the Ming Dynasty, and then to the Qing Dynasty, that is, from the Ming Dynasty to darkness and the betrayal of officials and nobles, it can be said that the struggle of cronyism runs through human history, which is also a natural law of human society and is inevitable.
However, some officials in some dynasties were purely disputes between gentlemen with different political views and did not cause trouble; On the other hand, some people vent their anger, retaliate and root out dissidents. As Confucius said, "a gentleman is harmonious but different, and a villain is harmonious but different." Therefore, I am not afraid of fighting, and I am afraid of becoming a political party or even a villain. This is the sorrow of society!