The battle before the trench. The casualties on both sides exceeded 6.5438+0.3 million. The "king of land warfare" began to make great efforts.
19 16, the Germans attacked Verdun on a large scale, which was the gateway to Paris and the hub of the French position. In order to relieve the pressure on Verdun, the British and French allied forces launched a supportive offensive campaign on the Somme River. On February 2 1 day, the German Fifth Army took the main attack on Verdun. The frontier forces of German and French armies are 3∶ 1, and the artillery contrast is 7∶ 1. In order to win, the two sides have continuously increased their military investment. On the battlefield with a frontal area of 15 ~ 30 km and a depth of 7 ~ 10 km, the armies of both sides fought fiercely. On the first day of the battle, the Germans fired 2 million shells. 1 In July, the British and French allied forces launched an attack on the German Second Army stationed on the Somme River. The two sides invested 153 divisions, about 10000 guns and 1000 aircraft. The British army used a new weapon-tank for the first time in the battle. On three defensive positions with trenches and support points, the Germans resisted tenaciously. At the expense of 615,000 casualties, the British and French allied forces only advanced 5 ~ 12 kilometers. The Germans lost 650 thousand men and 240 square kilometers of positions, but they broke the plan of the British and French Coalition forces. This battle was the largest and longest in the First World War, and positional warfare became the main form of combat. Germany suffered heavy losses in this war. The war developed in favor of the allies.
(2) Britain's fierce battle-British air combat.
The largest air combat since the advent of the plane. "clairvoyance" helps. Germany lost 1700 aircraft.
In order to counter Hitler's "sea lion plan" of invading Britain, the biggest air battle broke out between Britain and Germany since the birth of the Air Force. The German Air Force suffered a serious setback in this battle. Churchill commented: "Never before in the history of war have so many people (British people) benefited so much from so few people (royal pilots)."
In this campaign, the German Air Force dispatched about 1300 bombers, 900 single-engine attack aircraft and 120 twin-engine fighters. The maximum number of British air forces participating in the war is about 650, but with the help of advanced radar technology, the Germans have never been able to seize the air superiority.
From July 1940 to July 10/0, during the four months of the most intense "Battle of Britain", Britain lost 9 15 combat planes. Nazi Germany lost 1733 aircraft, which was the first serious setback since the beginning of World War II. His attempt to invade England was foiled.
(3) "Fox hunting" in the desert-El Alamein Campaign
A turning point in the African battlefield. Germany's battle code has been cracked. The remnants of Hitler's African legion were forced to start a big retreat.
The Battle of El Alamein was a turning point in the African battlefield during World War II. By Montgomery's British eighth army against the so-called "desert fox" Rommel led by the German and Italian army composed of African legion. Since then, the Allies have completely mastered the initiative in the African battlefield.
1941June, the African legion defeated the British army in succession and reached the Alaman defense line. The whole of North Africa is almost within reach. But continuous fighting has made the African legion a spent force. The British army quickly dispatched eight brigades to prepare for the battle in Alaman. 1June 30, 942, Rommel attacked. By July 3, four large-scale attacks had failed. The two sides reached an impasse. In mid-August, Montgomery took over as commander of the British Eighth Army. At this time, the ratio of the British Air Force to the German Air Force reached 5∶ 1, and the number of tanks was twice that of the Germans. On August 30th, Rommel, who put all his eggs in one basket, launched the second stage of attack. But the British have deciphered the German code telegram and know every detail of their attack plan. As a result, Rommel's gamble turned into a suicide attack by German and Italian troops. 1On the night of October 23rd, 1942, 10, the Eighth Army launched a counterattack and formed a panic attack on the Germans. 165438+1October 4th, Rommel ignored Hitler's orders and started a big retreat from Alaman with only 50,000 African legions.
(4) The horn of the carrier era-Midway naval battle
The maritime formations of the two sides carried out a surprise attack on the carrier aircraft outside the artillery range. Japan lost four aircraft carriers and 285 aircraft. The "cannon doctrine" of the giant ship with battleships as the main force has become history.
1942 April 18 After the US air raid on Tokyo, Japan was determined to seize midway island, lure out the US Pacific Fleet and ensure local security. More than 200 ships were used in this campaign, including 8 aircraft carriers (more than 400 carrier aircraft). Under the command of General Isoroku Yamamoto, two formations of north and south attacked Midway Island. As the American army deciphered the Japanese navy's coded telegram and grasped the Japanese army's offensive intention, Admiral Nimitz, commander-in-chief of the American Pacific Theater, ordered the task force to stand by and watch from midway. On June 4th, Lieutenant General Nan Yun led a team into the northwest waters of Midway Island and sent 108 planes to bomb Midway Island. American shore-based aircraft took off to meet. Nan Yun ordered the second wave of aircraft, which had been torpedoed and ready to attack the American ship, to modify the bomb and attack Midway Island. At this point, the special mixed fleet approached. Nan Yun quickly ordered the second wave of planes to unload bombs and re-attach torpedoes. At this time, American ship-borne torpedo planes and dive bombers continuously attacked the aircraft carrier Nanyun. The Japanese plane failed to meet, and the bombs and torpedo planes on the deck that were not put into storage exploded one after another. Four aircraft carriers and 285 aircraft are lost every day. The battle of midway changed the strength comparison of Japanese and American aircraft carriers in the Pacific Ocean. The maritime combat formations of the two sides carried out a surprise attack with aviation outside the artillery range, declaring that the "artillery doctrine" of the giant ship with battleships as the main force became history. Air-sea battle began to dominate the sea battlefield.
5] Decisive turning point-Battle of Stalingrad
A thrilling Armageddon. Street after street, house after house. 1.50,000 Germans were wiped out.
After the defeat of the Moscow campaign, the Germans attempted to capture Stalingrad and cut off the Soviet strategic supply line. On July 1942 and 17, a thrilling battle between the Soviet Union and Germany began. The tenacious resistance of the Soviet Union caused heavy casualties to the Germans. On September 13, the Germans invaded the city. The Yugoslav capital battle is extremely fierce. The two sides fought for each piece of land repeatedly, and the competition for the railway station reached 13 times. Although the Germans occupied the city, their attack was a spent force. On June165438+1October 19, the Soviet army began to counterattack. Equipped with the most advanced Katyusha rockets at that time, the Southwest Soviet Army, Don River Army and Stalingrad Army, 1 106000 people, launched a counterattack against the German army and its servant countries, 1. 106000 people, forming a total of 330,000 people in 22 divisions of the Sixth Army and the Fourth Armored Division. The Battle of Stalingrad broke the arrogant attempt of German fascists to destroy the Soviet Union and dominate the world, and wiped out nearly 6.5438+0.5 million Germans, which became a historic turning point in World War II.
[6] "Operation Overlord"-Normandy Landing Campaign
Well-planned and large-scale. Joint landing operations by land, sea and air. A diversion, clever use of electronic deception.
The Normandy landing campaign codenamed "Operation Overlord" was the largest and longest landing campaign during World War II. The campaign lasted 49 days from June 6, 1944 to July 24, 1944.
For this landing operation, the allied forces concentrated nearly 3 million people, more than 5,000 ships (including more than 4,000 landing transport ships and 1000 combat ships) and 10000 aircraft. Before the war, the allied forces made a diversion and skillfully used electronic deception. In the early morning of June 6, five divisions of the American-British 1 echelon suddenly landed on the 82-kilometer-wide front along the French coast. The Germans failed to organize a strong counterattack. In two days, the allied forces landed176,000 people and 20,000 vehicles. The Germans only carried out several partial counterattacks, far from coordinated operations. On June 30, the allied forces seized Cherbourg port. By the beginning of July, the number of allied landings was 1 10,000, and the number of vehicles was10.7 million. On July 24, the Normandy landing campaign ended successfully and turned to the land breakthrough campaign. In this campaign, allied casualties 122000, German casualties and prisoners 1 14000.
The Normandy landing campaign accelerated the collapse of Nazi Germany and was a glorious page in the history of modern war. Stalin once praised: "According to its careful planning, grand scale and ingenious action, this operation has no similar precedent in the history of war."
Once fought for the Central Plains-Huaihai Campaign.
Two main forces and three stages. Eat one, hug one and watch one. The People's Liberation Army wiped out 550,000 enemies in World War I..
Huaihai Campaign, as an extremely rare example in the history of war-600,000 China People's Liberation Army successfully encircled 800,000 Kuomintang troops, has been written into military textbooks of many countries.
1In the autumn of 948, Chiang Kai-shek launched 600,000 troops in Huanghuai area to stop the PLA from attacking Nanjing. The Central Military Commission ordered Hua Ye and Nakano to cooperate to organize the Huaihai Campaign. 165438+1On October 6th, Hua Ye launched a powerful offensive against the enemy war zone. 165438+1on October 8th, He Qifeng and Zhang Kexia, deputy commanders of the third "appeasement" area of the Kuomintang and underground members of the Communist Party of China, led the uprising. Huang's regiment was surrounded near Nianzhuang. The Sixth and Eighth Corps of the Kuomintang Army tried their best to help the North, but they were stopped by Hua Ye. By this time, 800,000 Kuomintang troops had joined the battle.
165438+1On October 22nd, Huang Tuan was completely annihilated and Huang was killed. Huang Wei Corps ventured alone and was surrounded near Shuangduiji. When Du's three regiments retreated westward, they were besieged near Chen Guanzhuang. In this way, the entire Huaihai battlefield, Hua Ye and Nakano, the two main forces, "eat one, carry one, see one" (in Liu Bocheng), created a miracle in the history of war. 65438+February 65438+May, Huang Wei Corps was completely annihilated. In the second year 10 year 10 month, Duji Tuan was completely eliminated. Both of them were captured alive. So far, the Huaihai Campaign, which Mao Zedong called "eating raw rice", ended with the victory of the People's Liberation Army. More than 550 thousand people in five regiments of the Kuomintang army were wiped out.
(8) Turn the tide-the second campaign to resist US aggression and aid Korea.
Lure the enemy deep, surround him in a roundabout way, and cut off the enemy's retreat. The contest between the will to fight and the art of competition command. More than 36,000 people were wiped out in one fell swoop.
After the first campaign to resist US aggression and aid Korea, the "United Nations Army" mistakenly thought that China was only "sending troops symbolically" and arrogantly clamored to end the Korean War before Christmas and launch a general attack on the east and west fronts. The volunteers exposed the enemy's weakness and lured him to the bait. 1on the evening of October 25th, 1950, 165438, the western volunteers launched an attack, annihilated the main forces of the 7th and 8th divisions of the Li Chengwan Army, and forced an American engineer company to surrender, totaling 1 15. The enemy fled south and was stopped by our 38 th Army. On February 3, 65438, the "United Nations Army" retreated to the south of the "38th parallel". On February 6, 65438, the volunteers recovered Pyongyang. The 9 th Corps of the Eastern Front launched an attack in the Changjin Lake area. By February 24th, 65438, the volunteers had recovered Yuanshan and Nanxing. At this point, the second battle ended with a great victory for the volunteers.
In this campaign, the volunteers annihilated more than 36,000 people of the "United Nations Army" (including 24,000 American troops), recovered all the occupied areas north of the "38th parallel" (except Xiangyang), liberated Yan 'an and Wengjin peninsulas south of the "38th parallel", and dealt a heavy blow to the arrogance of the enemy. The victory of this campaign greatly exceeded the plan formulated by the volunteers and fundamentally reversed the war situation on the Korean Peninsula.
Ground operations in the Gulf War
Land, sea, air, sky and electricity cooperate in all directions. The deep and circuitous encirclement of key strikes. The most modern ground battle.
After 38 air strikes, Iraq's nuclear facilities, chemical and biological weapons factories, command and communication, transportation facilities, airports and missile positions were completely destroyed. 1991in the early morning of February 24, the "multinational forces" launched a ground attack on the Iraqi army in Iraq and Kuwait. The two warring sides invested more than 6.5438+200,000 people on the 200-kilometer-long front. The "multinational force" adopted the tactics of "shifting from east to west, attacking head-on, and bypassing the flank". After the U.S. Army 18 Airborne Force and the Seventh Army maneuvered to the Iraqi side in the air, they took advantage of the armored assault force and implemented the "left hook" plan with the support of the navy and air force. After a pincer attack and a strategic detour, the Iraqi army was surrounded in the south of Basra. By the 26th, the Iraqi army had basically lost its resistance. Saddam accepted the ceasefire. This battle is the most modern ground battle after the end of World War II. It systematically used advanced high-tech weapons and equipment in the 20th century, successfully carried out campaign deception and coordinated operations by land, sea and air, and surrounded the enemy's heavily armed groups very deeply. This is a typical example of high-tech local war under modern conditions.
⑽ Crazy Skyfire-Kosovo air raid.
Long-range and high-altitude strikes are the main combat styles. In 78 days, about 23,000 bombs were dropped and missiles were launched. Air strikes have become the only means to achieve the goal of war.
In order to bring the Balkans into the western strategic system, NATO led by the United States launched a 78-day large-scale air strike against Yugoslavia. In the first stage of the campaign, NATO B-52, F- 1 17 and B-2 bombers launched 90 large-scale attacks on 70 targets in Yugoslavia, with an average of 50-70 sorties per day, destroying 50% of Yugoslavia's air defense capability. In the second stage, NATO dispatched nearly 300-600 sorties every day to attack various targets, including the South Presidential Palace, the headquarters of Serbia and the internal affairs forces, radio stations, television stations, railways and road bridges. NATO suffered zero casualties and Yugoslavia suffered heavy losses. During the whole air raid on NATO, 38,000 planes were dispatched, and about 23,000 bombs and missiles were thrown and launched, of which precision-guided weapons accounted for 35%. It is a typical aviation and missile war, and it is an "asymmetric war" between high technology and low technology. In the whole campaign, long-range and high-altitude strikes have become the main combat style, leading the war process, and air strikes are the only means to achieve the purpose of war.