I. Digging the Grand Canal (7 p3-4) "It is a good thing to have fishermen in Zhuo Jun County in the north and Du Zhi in the south!" The Grand Canal dug during the reign of Yang Di in Sui Dynasty was the most important contribution of Sui Dynasty to later generations. 1. Objective: To strengthen the north-south traffic and consolidate the rule of the Sui Dynasty over the whole country. 2. Excavation time: 605-6 10 year. 3. The Grand Canal is centered on Luoyang, with Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south; Excavate Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou and Jiangnan, connecting Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers. (Passing through Yangzhou, Changzhou, Wuxi and Suzhou in Jiangsu) 4. Function: Its opening has greatly promoted the economic exchanges between North and South. 5. Status: It is the longest canal in the ancient world. Evaluation of the excavation of the Grand Canal: The Grand Canal has not only become a political, economic and cultural link between the North and the South, but also a hub for communicating the "Silk Road" in the inland of Asia and the "Silk Road" at sea. At the same time, the navigation of the canal also promoted the development of towns and industries in coastal areas. However, Yang Di abused people's power, which also caused people's suffering. Generally speaking, digging the Grand Canal is a great contribution of the Sui Dynasty to the history of China.
Second, "The Rule of Zhenguan" (seven times to p7) "The boat is more than a gentleman, and the water is more than Li Shu. Water can carry a boat or overturn it. " "People can dress up their clothes with copper as a mirror; Take people as a mirror and you can know the gains and losses. " During the period of Emperor Taizong, the politics was relatively clear, the economy developed and the national strength gradually became stronger. Because the title of Emperor Taizong was Zhenguan, the rule at that time was called "Zhenguan rule" in history. The reasons for the emergence of "Zhenguan rule" are as follows: ① Politically, Emperor Taizong learned from the lessons of the Sui Dynasty, was good at employing people and being good at coachable, and inherited and developed the three provinces and six departments system of the Sui Dynasty; (2) Culturally, develop imperial examinations and attach importance to education; (3) Economically, develop production in a frivolous and generous way. (Fang, Du Ruhui,)
Third, "Kaiyuan Shengshi" (seven times p 10) In the early days of Tang Xuanzong's rule, politics was relatively stable and the economy flourished. When the Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, China society showed unprecedented prosperity. During this period, Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was named Kaiyuan, which was historically called "the prosperous time of Kaiyuan" because of the unified and stable social environment in the early days of Xuanzong's rule.
Fourth, the imperial examination system: established in Sui Dynasty and perfected in Tang Dynasty. "Heroes of the world, enter my trap." "Emperor Taizong is really a long-term strategy, earning enough influence and becoming a white head." "Although the gentry is a very important person, it is not good to be a scholar." 1, which means: the imperial examination system is a system for selecting officials through examinations of different subjects, emphasizing talent as the standard for selecting officials. 2. Birth: (seven times p 15) Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty began to select officials by taking examinations of different subjects. When Yang Di was in Sui Dynasty, Jinshi was formally established and the imperial examination system was formally born. 3. Perfection: (seven times p 16) The main permanent subjects of the imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty were Ming Classics and Jinshi. Tang Taizong, Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong are key figures in improving the imperial examination system. Emperor Taizong expanded the scale of Chinese studies; Wu Zetian initiated the palace entrance examination and martial arts; Tang Xuanzong took poetry and fu as the examination contents. 4. Development: In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial examination system was changed into an eight-part essay examination, which was largely staged as a tool for the court to muzzle people's thoughts. The stereotyped writing of candidates is completely divorced from real life, which can not cultivate people's practical ability, which makes the imperial examination bind people's thoughts and talents. 5. End: Late Qing Dynasty. 1905, Zhang Zhidong demanded to stop the imperial examination, and the Qing government drafted the school charter. 6. Function: The imperial examination system has improved the employment system, giving talented scholars the opportunity to serve in governments at all levels. The imperial examination system promoted the development of education, and the atmosphere of hard study prevailed among scholars. The imperial examination system also promoted the development of literature and art, especially because Jinshi attached importance to the examination of poetry and fu, which greatly benefited the prosperity of Tang poetry.
5. Songzan Gambu and Princess Wencheng: (Seven times, p2 1) Tubo is the ancestor of Tibetans today. Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Tubo Zambo-Songzangambo, which strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between Tang and Tubo and strengthened the friendly relations between China and Tibet.
6. Illustrate the development of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries in the Tang Dynasty with historical facts such as sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty, Jian Zhen's eastward journey and Xuanzang's westward journey. 1. Ambassador to the Tang Dynasty: (7 times p27) The Japanese government sent an exchange delegation to the Tang Dynasty. They made a comprehensive study of China, which made Tang Wenhua have a far-reaching impact on Japanese production, life and social development. Among them, Chao Heng is the most famous. 2. Du Dong, Jian Zhen: (Seven p28) During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Jian Zhen successfully went to Japan for the sixth time. He has made outstanding contributions to the cultural exchange between China and Japan. 3, Xuanzang westbound: (seven times p29) When Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, Xuanzang went west to Tianzhu to learn from the scriptures, and after returning to China, he compiled a book "Datang Western Regions". This book has become an important classic in the study of history and Buddhism in Central Asia, the Indian Peninsula and Xinjiang.
Block printing: (p32) The earliest printed matter with exact date in the world is the Diamond Sutra printed in the Tang Dynasty.
Eight, the art treasure house Mogao Grottoes: (7 p38) Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes (also known as Thousand Buddha Cave) in Gansu Province were mostly excavated in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and it is one of the largest art treasures in the world. There are a large number of exquisite murals and colorful statues, such as Feitian and Fairy.
Nine, Jiaozi: (seven p53-54) In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Jiaozi appeared in Sichuan, which was the earliest paper money in the world.
Ten, Temujin unified Mongolia: (seven p6 1) 1206, Temujin unified Mongolia, established Mongolia, and was honored as Genghis Khan. Since then, the Mongolian grassland has ended the long-term melee situation.
XI。 Provincial system (seven times p63) 1. Objective: To exercise effective rule over the whole country. 2. Contents: ① The central government established "Zhongshu Province" as the highest administrative institution in China; (2) Local governments set up "mid-line provinces", referred to as provinces or provinces; ③ The establishment of "Penghu Inspection Department" to manage Penghu and Taiwan Province Province (then called Ryukyu); (4) Establish "Zheng Xuan Academy" to manage the government affairs of Buddhism and Tibetan areas. Tibet officially became the administrative region of the Yuan Dynasty. 3. Function: ① It is a significant development of Qin county system; (2) Strengthen the central government's rule over local governments and consolidate national unity; ③ Later it was used in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The establishment of provincial administrative regions in China began in the Yuan Dynasty.
12. movable type printing: (7) pottery movable type invented by Bi Sheng in the Northern Song Dynasty, typesetting and printing. It is economical and time-saving, which greatly promotes the spread of culture. Later, it spread all over the world. It only existed in Europe in the15th century, about 400 years later than China.
Thirteen. Compass: (Qixia p68) 1. During the Warring States period, it was called "Sina", which was the earliest guider in the world. In the Northern Song Dynasty, it was made into a compass and began to be used for navigation. 3. In the Southern Song Dynasty, it was widely used in navigation and was introduced to Europe by Arabs. 4. Function: It created conditions for the navigation activities of European navigators later.
14. gunpowder: (7 times p68-69) gunpowder was invented by an alchemist in ancient China. There was a formula in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, which was used in the military at the end of the Tang Dynasty. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, gunpowder weapons were widely used in wars. 13 and 14 centuries, gunpowder and gunpowder weapons were introduced to Arabia and Europe.
15. Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival: (Part VII p74) The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by painter Zhang Zeduan depicts the scenery and prosperity along the riverside in Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Sixteen. Sima Guang was a famous historian in ancient China in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zi Jian is a magnum opus of general history chronicled by Zi Jian. This book tells the history from the Warring States to the Five Dynasties in chronological order.