Yongchang cymbal dance
Baoshan Yi people are distributed in Wafang, Wama, Wayao, Liu Yang, Pupiao, Shangjiang, Mabing and other villages. Rubbing cymbals has a long history and culture, which belongs to the traditional dance of Yi people and has the nature of martial arts. Yi language is called "gathering with cymbals and enjoying yourself". It is distributed in Zhang Xu, Sishu, Bailongjing, Meilanshan and Yangliuba. It is held at weddings, funerals and parties. There are 4, 6, 8, 65, 438+00 dancers, women dare not dance, and the performers are all men. Instrumental music includes suona, large cymbals, small cymbals, cymbals, awns, gongs, drums and small drums. He often wears a mask or disguises himself as the Monkey King, Tang Priest, Bajie, Friar Sand, Yi Xian, or other images. The actor of cymbals is the leader of dancing in the center, accompanied by performers around. Because the leader's dance is extremely active and changeable, with bright rhythm and magnificent atmosphere, it is called rubbing cymbals. A variety of artistic routines such as jumping, stringing flowers and kicking are adopted. On behalf of Baoshan District, he participated in the performance of the marching program at the opening ceremony of the 3rd China Arts Festival held in Kunming, and won the first prize for performance and organization.
De ang shui qi fa
The De 'ang nationality has a population of nearly 1,000 in Baoshan, and lives in Dagoubian, Baizhai and Mangyan of Lujiang Dam. It has rich and colorful traditional culture. Water inspired is a unique national dance of the De 'ang nationality in Baoshan. De 'ang language is called "Gege Lengdang", which is often held during festivals. The leading dancer danced with water drums, cymbals and mandarin jackets. Water drums are the main props. Before beating, add about a catty of water or water wine to a small hole in the middle of the drum body to make the drum surface moist, hence the name because the drum skin is moist. Wet buckets can make a more unique sound. Water drums generally weigh 30 to 40 Jin. The performer puts the water drum around his neck, slightly bends his body, beats the drum with his hand, slaps the small head drum with his left hand, and hammers the big head drum with his right hand. With the cooperation of stirrups and cymbals, the dance changes and has a strong sense of rhythm.
Folk literature and art
First, play songs
Playing songs was originally a folk dance of Bulang and Yi people. Because more than 80% of Han people in China live with Bulang and Yi people, playing songs is not limited to Bulang and Yi people. The majority of Han people and ethnic minorities began to play songs, forming a historical custom of all ethnic groups playing songs in unison.
Playing songs with Lusheng, Sanxian, Zixian (oral string) and flute as musical instruments, and playing musical instruments, from the beginning of playing songs, is characterized by rough and bold, enthusiastic and unrestrained, lively rhythm and a large number of people, no matter how many, men, women and children collectively step and jump in the paddock, keeping pace. When playing music, I know that the Yi people have three kinds of dance steps: small dance, small partner dance and string flower dance. I sincerely hope that I can turn my back (turn around), flies rub my feet, stomp my feet, sing songs with drowning, sow eat, mouse wolf whistle bees and so on. Some songs express labor and life, while others express love. Most of the movements are feet, mainly the changes of feet, such as twisting waist, turning knees, swinging arms, cutting hands, sending hips and stamping feet.
Play one song at a time, you can play it once, or you can play several floors of the garden. Men and women can stand in a row, insert right or mix. The leader who plays lusheng, flute and sanxian dances while playing, while the rest of the men and women dance with their bare hands. Various forms. In singing, singing and dancing are carried out simultaneously with men and women singing and singing. People who can't sing the tune dance wildly, and those who can sing the tune are paired and then sing in pairs. Don't dance when singing, just follow the singing team. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of songs: disc songs and free duet. The song is a question-and-answer style with relatively fixed lyrics. When singing, the test asks if you can answer it. For example, a person sings (asks) "How many treasures are there in the sky and how many treasures are there underground?" Female singer (A): "There are three treasures of the sun, the moon and the stars in the sky, and there are three treasures of water, fire and gold underground." This kind of eldest brother mainly includes twelve flowers, twenty-four flowers, sweet osmanthus, sixty jiazi, Pangu sub-heaven and earth, Xiangzi Pan Tianhe, shipbuilding, ten famous flowers and so on. Free duet, commonly known as flower ballad, is also called love singing. There are no fixed lyrics. Now sing and compose music, sing with questions, sing the benefits of the other party and express your modesty with personification, metaphor and exaggeration. If you sing: "Your mother was born in the land of gold and silver, and my mother was born in the rotten grass plantain forest".
Female singer: "Gold and silver are rich in lang's family and rotten in the ground."
Singing is more common on the night of farmers' wedding. On the wedding night of female (male) family and the night of girls' school, the singing procedure is to put a set of three pig heads and tea fruits on three or four tables under the shed at night, and cover a rooster under the table. Anyone who sings can persist until the cock crows, and the host will slaughter the cock for the singer.
Playing songs has a long history, and 1996 was popular since the founding of the People's Republic of China. It was banned during the Cultural Revolution and resumed after the Third Middle School of the 13th Central Committee. It was very popular in the 1980s. After 90, because of the popularity of video, TV and VCD, playing songs is somewhat depressing. After 2000, after a new generation of young people came out, the craze for playing songs picked up again.
B, folk songs
Folk songs are popular in the whole town, especially in the tropical areas along the Yangtze River and river valleys. Many young people in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China have spent their lives privately because of folk songs. There are many kinds and forms of folk songs. Solo is a kind of self-entertainment in Shan Ye, and it is the most common form of folk songs. Singing comfort, seeking love, telling each other's joys and sorrows; The group sang comfort for * * *, and the chorus was full of emotions. Folk songs are informal and have no fixed format. Most of them are based on contact with the scene and feel when things happen. The lyrics are mainly about love, such as "If you don't go to Chashan, you will know that tea is valuable, and if you don't go to school, you will know that your sister is famous". The duet between duet and duet is almost the same. Folk songs are crisp and sweet, with high voice, long duration, mellow and euphemistic singing, bright and clear, with special vibrato and glide, and female voices are more lively.
C, folk songs
Folk songs, commonly known as "ditty", are a form of folk literature and art, with 1 first seven words and four sentences and relatively fixed lyrics. Since ancient times, it has been widely circulated in the whole town, suitable for young men and women to fall in love in vernacular, sing with songs and use it in folk songs and songs. The genre of folk songs remains unchanged, but there are many kinds, including female songs about the difficulties of men and women in love and marriage; Love songs of free love; There are bitter songs about the hardships of life; There are songs praising the new life and new atmosphere under the leadership of the Communist Party of China; There are also sad songs about the loss of loved ones and disasters. Everybody say a song. Ode to Chairman Mao, the great benefactor, who saved me from the pit and led us in the revolution. His kindness is deeper than the ocean.
Daughter's Song-Gardener flowers grow tall, parents refuse to marry me, and the living are thrown into the pit of the dead, saying that my life is not strong. Love song-sweet sugar cane in the twelfth lunar month. I miss my sister every day. I must go to see her today, and I won't eat tea or rice for three days. Love-the river swells with sand, and the river sand is dug up to grow watermelons. Watermelon was originally red soil, and little sister was pink flower. Bitter love song-Peach Blossom came to Li Ziqing, but it was hard to understand when she unbuttoned her buttons. Husband and wife couldn't get along with each other, and it was hard for Huang Lian to stutter.
In addition to four sentences, there are many systematic folk songs, such as Picking Tea in December, Twelve Towels and Embroidering Sacks in December.
D, playing suona
Playing suona is commonly known as blowing. Suona, one big and one small, are all made of copper, which means to ward off evil spirits, and the big ones are counted and the small ones are beaten. The number consists of two parts: thick and thin. The thin tube can be inserted into the thick tube, with a total length of1.6m.. When issuing the number, the thin tube will be pulled out from the thick tube. The speaker has no air holes, the volume is high and low, and the sound is emitted through the speaker. The faucet and nozzle tube are made of wood, and the bell mouth and nozzle are made of copper. Wooden pipes have scaly holes, and straw or reeds are often used as whistles. When playing, the timbre is clear, bright and round. You can play for a long time without interruption.
It is called internal ventilation function. The tone color is unchanged and the momentum is not reduced, mainly because of the special ventilation skills. The title of the song is rich in content, including welcoming guests, entertaining guests, rejoicing, urging people, crossing mountains, attending, pressing sheds, picking tea, calling guests, kowtowing, denominator and so on. There are mourning sounds, hanging white tones, crying vowels, mourning sounds, burial sounds and so on.
lion dance
Lions are divided into golden lions and hemp lions, and lion dancing is commonly known as lion beating. A lion consists of three parts: head, body and tail. The lion's head is molded with clay, pasted with multiple layers of paper, dried, and the paper shell is removed. It is made of skeleton and painted with pigment. The lion's body is sewn with white cloth, and the lion's hair and tail are made of hemp or sisal and dyed in various colors.
Lions are often used for funerals or festivals. When dancing a lion, 3 to 4 people dance together. 1 People wear a beaming head mask, commonly known as Buddha's head or laughing monk, dressed in fur, holding a broom to tease the lion in front of the lion's head, 1 People hold a mosquito broom behind the lion. The performance began in Luntang and was later renamed as the opening. When I am happy, I recite carols and go to the Lion House to perform various fighting and joking actions, such as getting on the bench, getting on the table, hydrangea and so on. When you are happy, perform all kinds of boxing and knives, guns, swords, halberds and so on.
folk custom
Festivals include modern festivals and traditional folk festivals Modern festivals include June New Year's Day 1, March 8 International Women's Day, May International Labor Day 1, May 4 Youth Day, June Children's Day 1, July Party Building Day 1, August Army Day 1. Modern festivals are anniversaries of major historical events of the world revolution and China revolution, which are mostly celebrated in institutions and schools, while traditional folk festivals are the main festivals in rural areas. There are many folk festivals, but there are only 12 grand customary festivals in China.
the Spring Festival; Chinese New Year
First, the Spring Festival.
Spring Festival, commonly known as Chinese New Year, is the alternation of the end of last year and the beginning of next year. Time is 29 days shorter than the twelfth lunar month and 30 days longer. Commonly known as the first and second day of the first month of the following year. The custom of Chinese New Year is to clean all clothes, bedding, etc. On the 30th of every year, we clean the house. Buy glutinous rice noodles, brown sugar, couplets, New Year pictures, cannons, incense paper fire and other new year goods in the street before the Spring Festival. Kill chickens, cook fish, plant incense, paste couplets, door gods, XiShen, etc. Prepare a plate of tea, wine, rice, meat, etc. Next year. Set off firecrackers in the mountain temple to worship the mountain gods. When you come back, you will light Qing Xiang, burn paper fire, and offer sacrifices to patio, door gods, kitchen gods and family halls. Before sunset, the whole family will have a big "reunion dinner" and get together to chat. Sleep then. After 1990, due to the popularity of TV, CCTV's Spring Festival Evening is mostly watched at night.
New Year's Day is the beginning of a new year. People get up early in the morning to pack jiaozi. They first offered them to the seven gods of the mountain and their homes, doorways, family halls, ancestors and kitchen gods, and then ate them with electricity.
On the second day of the second day, when cooking in the morning, I first offer Babasi (mostly bait silk after 1990s) to mountain gods, family halls of heaven and earth, ancestral doorways and kitchen gods, and then eat Babasi. Some residents often open the door of wealth on the second day of the New Year's Day, annealing the gods, offering dragons for the new year's financial resources, and Vulcan always avoids disasters and seeks water from wells.
Chinese New Year's special foods are mainly rice and rice, which can be eaten immediately, shredded and cooked, and jiaozi can be wrapped in glutinous rice flour.
On the occasion of the New Year, there are also customs of paying New Year greetings, such as meeting the godmother of michel platini's children, paying New Year greetings to new parents, paying New Year greetings to newly married men and women between father-in-law's families, and paying New Year greetings to retirees and workers of state organs and units.
La michel platini
A primitive way of making friends is popular in many places in Baoshan area. From the perspective of folklore, the formation of this custom is related to backward social production and people's "help-seeking psychology" that they are eager to get help from outside their families when they encounter difficulties. Therefore, it is the most common in mountainous areas where there are few doctors and medicines and simple folk customs. In the mountainous areas such as Wayao, Wama and Wafang in Baoshan, there are usually two ways to "pull" michel platini. One is to determine the object and get married through consultation. When the dolls in the mountains can run, parents will show their wishes to acquaintances in neighboring villages. If the other party agrees, choose an auspicious day to kill chickens in cook the meat, invite relatives and friends, kowtow and name them, and complete all the formalities of "naming". It is said that once the doll is "adopted" by michel platini, it will not be her own son once her surname and first name are changed. Even if there are some misfortunes in her life, it will be solved.
What is interesting is another kind of "pull" method-"resigned to fate and forced to pull." Marriage in this way can only be from the second day of the New Year to the Lantern Festival. People who want to "pull michel platini" often choose double dates, and men bring roosters, bacon and other foods. Before dawn, they crossed a thin white line in the narrow road outside the village where pedestrians must pass, and then ambushed nearby: whoever passed by here and tripped over the white line was regarded as in-laws, and the ambush rushed out, bowed and shouted "in-laws." "God's will" is hard to violate. Under normal circumstances, newcomers can only promise, otherwise they will be accused. So I buried the pot to cook and had a picnic on the spot. After eating and drinking enough, go to the village to "recognize the door" and hold a sacrificial ceremony. If the newcomer is a woman, of course, it is a "godmother"; If unmarried, they are "brothers", "sisters", "brothers" and "sisters"; If you happen to meet cows, horses, sheep, dogs, etc. It will also be pulled away-its owner will take over all formalities and obligations, but the name must be based on the name of the tripped animal, such as the horse and dog. No matter whether people choose intentionally or fate decides, once the godmother is formed, the two sides will take care of each other like a family, visit each other in time during New Year's Day and New Year's Day, treat each other as brothers, live in harmony and even love each other from generation to generation. This is a much-told story.
What's even more amazing is that in some mountainous areas of Tengchong County, there is a custom of "pulling out" a big tree as "michel platini". Many people worship a strange tree as "michel platini" since childhood, because their parents believe that the ancient trees are towering and deeply rooted, and once they are worshipped as "michel platini", they can bless the dolls to live a long life. Especially devout people should also ask the clergy to help them calculate whether the tree is willing to accept it. If so, they have to choose an auspicious day to burn incense, worship three times and knock nine times before they can be considered as "human trunk relatives." Finally, we have to give the child a name with branches and leaves. Because this custom has a long history, many famous ancient trees in Tengchong, such as Leishu in the brook, the big oak tree in Daiju, the Shuang Shan in Heshun, the goose feather tree in Mazhan and the Ginkgo King in Mazhan, are bustling under their knees, with many "adopted sons" and "adopted daughters" who are alive or long gone, and many of them.
B. celebrate the spring festival. Spring Festival, commonly known as Da Chun, is the first of the 24 solar terms in the whole year, and it is also the beginning of the Spring Festival. Whether in beginning of spring before the Spring Festival or in beginning of spring after the Spring Festival, it is only on the morning of the first day of the New Year's Day in beginning of spring that people are used to cooking jiaozi and lighting fires for mountain gods, family halls, heaven and earth, doorways and kitchen gods, and praying for peace for one year.
C. lantern festival.
Lantern Festival is the first full moon of the New Year. There are few celebrations in our hometown, and it is not grand to celebrate immediately. It's just cooking dumplings on the night of the Lantern Festival, and there is no other activity.
After the Tang Dynasty, due to the introduction and prevalence of Buddhism, a large number of Buddhist temples and Buddhist halls were built in the scenic spots near Baoshan Dam. These religious sites, except Taibao Mountain, are not very big, but they are full of incense. In particular, the annual temple fairs in various monasteries attract many people of all colors who believe in Buddhism and those who don't. Temple fairs in Baoshan have time regulations, probably because the first month is slack season, and farmers are free and willing to participate. Most temple fairs are held in these days when people need to "visit". Although these temple fairs have different names, they all have the same theme in general: pray for God and worship Buddha. These things are very popular in Baoshan, which has deep feudal roots-even today, there are many devout men and women whose beliefs are free.
Of course, some believe, some don't believe, and some don't believe. In fact, the vast majority of people who rush to the meeting are mainly to see the scenery and catch up with the excitement. According to legend, from the first day of the first month to the fifteenth day of the first month, the Tathagata is in charge of the world, and everyone is equal, regardless of wealth. Therefore, Baoshan people are not interested in debt collection during the New Year, which is undoubtedly a good "preferential policy" for people with poor families: they can temporarily put aside the worries of creditors' visits and help the old and the young to visit temple fairs like everyone else. Now people's quality of life has improved, and visiting temple fairs has become an outing for urban and rural people.
Temple fairs in Baoshan are varied and interesting. The biggest temple fair was the "Joint Meeting" in Xishan Mountain. At that time, more than 30 temples and temples on Taibao Mountain, such as Huangyuting, Doumu Pavilion and Hongji, were prosperous. For two days in a row, the incense was at its peak and the crowds were endless. Nowadays, although the temples are scattered, it has become a new custom for urban and rural residents to visit Taibao Mountain on the first and second days of the New Year's Day, which can be regarded as the "Monday morning quarterback" of the temple fair.
Residential characteristics
Yi people in villages are a nation engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, and the distribution and location of villages have their own unique inheritance. Most villages of the Yi nationality are located in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas with an altitude of 2,000-3,000 meters, and live together along ethnic groups. Generally choose to build along the sunny foothills, mostly on hillsides and ridges, with fewer foothills and valleys. "Yuanyang County Records" records: "Yi people mostly live in mountainous areas with magnificent mountains and rivers and rich resources. The village is surrounded by mountains and rivers, surrounded by terraced fields, grazing in the mountains behind the village, farming in front of the village, and most villages have a ditch. "
Folk houses are located in the southwest of China, and the Yi people are widely distributed. Therefore, the types of folk houses are complicated to adapt to the natural geographical environment and climatic conditions in different regions, or influenced by other ethnic groups, but Yi folk houses are widely representative among all ethnic groups. Generally speaking, the types of Yi folk houses can be divided into the following categories: tile houses, adobe houses, flash houses, log houses, thatched houses and so on.
Living customs Yi people are monogamous families. After their children get married, they build houses and start their own businesses. Only the youngest son and parents wish the Yi family courtyard spacious and convenient for production and life, especially for weddings and funerals. In the living room, the main hall is dedicated to the ancestors of heaven and earth against the wall, and there are incense burners and statues of tigers and lions on the table; The square table is placed in the center to receive guests; On the left, there is a perennial fire pit made of three stones, commonly known as "Pot Village", which is used to keep warm from the cold and make tea with hot water. Around the fire pit, there is a place for families to sit around and discuss. The rooms on both sides of the main room are the bedrooms of the husband, son and wife, and also store valuables. Generally, the eldest son is on the left and the second son is on the right. The elderly, children and guest rooms are located in the side hall. There is a mill behind the gate, a granary upstairs and a stable downstairs.
Autumn festival
A, "July and a half" to the bodhi old zu.
Every year, the first to fourteenth and fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month is "Ghost Festival", which means that the deceased ancestors go home to reunite with their descendants. On the first day of July, every household takes a seat of vegetable incense paper and takes it back from the gate to offer it to the ancestors' coffin, and before each meal, it is necessary to offer a low sacrifice to the ancestors' letter with vegetable rice, so that the family can not eat. It lasted until July and a half, that is, July 14 and 15. In July and a half, the dead bodhi old zu went back to Yin. Every household can cook Baba, and when they cook meat, they make a hearty lunch. After the grand sacrifice, the bodhi old zu will be sent out to "go home".
B. mid-autumn festival.
August 15th of the lunar calendar is the traditional Mid-Autumn Festival, that is, the Mid-Autumn Festival and mid-August every year. On the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, the moon is the brightest and roundest, and the moonlight is the most beautiful. Looking at the moon like a jade plate, people will naturally think of family reunion and strangers in a foreign land, and they also expect to rely on the bright moon like a mirror to pin their thoughts on their loved ones in their hometown. Therefore, people call Mid-Autumn Festival "Reunion Festival".
The forms of celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival in this hometown mainly include offering sacrifices to the moon and eating moon cakes. Toujie on August 15. People have taken to the streets to buy candied fruit, mainly moon cakes. On the evening of August 15, put the moon cakes and other preserves back in the hall or living room first, so that the whole family can get together to talk about their feelings and share their offerings.
C. double ninth festival.
The ninth day of the ninth lunar month is the traditional Double Ninth Festival. The Double Ninth Festival was originally named after the Book of Changes, with nine as yang numbers and two or nine as "Double Ninth Festival". The sun and the moon are combined, and the two yang are combined, hence the name Double Ninth Festival. Because "99" and "99" are homophonic, the ancients thought it was a particularly auspicious day to celebrate.
The Double Ninth Festival is memorable in this town, but there is no specific activity content. Among the people, there is only the custom of "offering sacrifices to the valley on the Double Ninth Festival", that is, on this day, farmers who grow grain prepare tea and rice, pay paper and fire, set up a table beside the crops, and pay homage to Er Shen, the mother of farmland, in order to thank Er Shen for protecting the crops and making the October valley harvest smooth. In addition, people will bring rain and no rain to the Double Ninth Festival.
Winter festival
A, taste the new festival in October.
In October of the lunar calendar, the farmers' crops in this township have been harvested. In history, there is a custom of tasting new rice around 10/0, that is, drying the newly harvested rice and grinding it into rice, cooking a pot of white rice, and some even offering new rice to heaven and earth, ancestors and the kitchen god to celebrate the bumper harvest of new grain and hope for another bumper harvest next year. This festival was relatively common before the reform and opening up. Now that the planting structure has been adjusted, there is less rice in the main producing areas of tobacco and sugarcane, and the new festival is gradually fading.
B, kill pigs.
Killing pigs is not a traditional festival in this hometown, but it is a universal and solemn life custom.
Every year, every household should feed 2-3 fat pigs as their own food and slaughter them in the winter after the autumn harvest (mostly around the winter to Sunday). These meats are stored after various special treatments for the next year. On the day of killing pigs, except for neighbors asking for help, all the guests were happy to join in, which was very lively. Judging from the lively scenes, it seems to be a very grand traditional festival.
Every household in Shidian county has been busy with the traditional "annual pig rice" since Shidian invited you to winter every day. It lasted for hundreds of years in Shidian and gradually formed a custom. The number of pigs killed in a year has become a symbol of farmers' bumper harvest here.
Living habits of food, clothing, housing and transportation.
Cloth and clothing
Although there are some ethnic minorities in this township, due to the great influence of the Han nationality, for a long time, the costumes of all ethnic groups have not been distinguished, and the costumes are basically unified.
First, cloth.
In the past, it mainly used home textiles and home textiles and imported foreign fabrics. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), with the development of national light industry, cotton products made of cotton, mainly white cotton cloth, began to be used. Dye cotton when necessary, and put it in the dye vat for boiling and dyeing, which are mostly divided into cyan, blue, black and red. With the great development of fabrics in the 1960s, high-quality grass flannel fabrics such as khaki and Beijing blue cloth began to be sold in the market. In 1970s, cotton products began to evolve into chemical fiber products, such as polyester, polyester cards and polyester fabrics. After the reform and opening up, cloth developed into wool products, leather products and chemical fiber cloth, which almost became "unified the world".
B, dress.
Clothing changes abnormally with the progress of the times, and each period has its own clothing characteristics. In 70' s, men were mainly dressed in Zhongshan suit, while women were mainly dressed as sisters. After 1980s, great changes have taken place in clothing, including big lapels, small lapels, big suits, small suits, jackets, bell bottoms, sweaters, new Chinese tunic suits, Shang Ling, leather jackets, sweaters and windbreakers. Clothes are divided into coats, cotton-padded clothes, sweaters, shirts and underwear; Women also have corsets; Pants are extra pants, down pants and underwear.
The evolution of footwear is more prominent. In the past, straw sandals were the mainstay. In the fifties and sixties, self-made cloth shoes were the mainstay. In 1970s, "plastic-sprayed sole" cloth shoes became popular. With the development of national plastic industry, rubber shoes, plastic shoes and leather shoes made of artificial leather and pigskin became popular in the early 1980s. After the 1990s, wool slippers with plastic soles and wool materials, domestic plastic slippers, cool shoes, new white rubber overshoes and sports shoes were newly produced.
eating habits
A. food.
The food people eat can be roughly divided into three categories: staple food, non-staple food and snacks. The staple food is divided into rice, vegetables, meat, oil, sausage, eggs, salt and so on. And rice is the main drink. Before the 1980s, corn flour was made into flour fruit and steamed into rice in areas with few rice fields. The grain market was opened after the 1990s. Rice can be bought in rice-deficient areas. Noodles and fruits have bid farewell to their history since they were eaten in history. There are many kinds of edible vegetables, including self-produced vegetables, commercial vegetables, self-enriched meat vegetables, wild vegetables and so on. According to the processed dishes, there are dried radish, lobster sauce, bone pickles, fried vegetables, fried vegetables, mixed vegetables, boiled vegetables, pickles and other pickles. Meat is mainly pork, supplemented by livestock and poultry meat, and wild animal meat is "delicacies". Pork is divided into main and dual-purpose vegetable oils such as rapeseed and walnut. Only after the intestines are washed with pig intestines, tofu is mixed with pig blood and lean meat to help them. After drying, there are two kinds of tofu sausage and sausage, and tofu sausage is more common. Eggs include chickens, ducks, geese and birds, with the most eggs, such as stewing, boiling, frying and invading.
The main food is three meals a day, from breakfast 10: 00 to1:00, and dinner 17: 00 to 18: 00. Three meals can be eaten during family construction or busy farming. Non-staple food is Baba, noodles, porridge, bean jelly and so on. , and then the bait silk, instant noodles, steamed stuffed bun, fried dough sticks, sugar cakes and so on. They are all supplements, usually eaten at breakfast, noon and later.
Snacks include nuts such as pine nuts, walnuts, sunflower seeds, peanuts and pumpkin seeds, as well as sweets and fruits. Generally, it is eaten in gossip, festivals, visits, weddings, funerals, construction and other major activities.
Cigarettes, wine and tea.
My hometown has the habit of smoking since ancient times. Before the reform and opening up, most tobacco was native tobacco, commonly known as grass tobacco. Mature tobacco leaves are dried with curtains and then shredded. It can be smoked in a pottery jar, or it can be smoked with paper rolls, or it can be cut into velvet cigarettes with some oil and smoked with water. After 1993, flue-cured tobacco was planted in a large area, and primary tobacco stopped. At the end of 1970s, Tian Ping, Red Sakura and Spring City Without a Mouth were all the rage. Biji, Heavy Wine, Tianqi and Camellia in the 1980s; Since 1990s, Red River, Drunk Spring City and Hongmei have become popular. In 2005, after Zuichuncheng stopped production, it was changed to Camellia and Harvest, and high-grade cigarettes Hongtashan, Ziyun, Yunyun and Expedition were refined into Red River and Panda. Smoking is mostly for men and sporadic for women.
Drinking has a long history. Bagasse wine made from bagasse and grain wine made from corn, rice, wheat and other grains can be used. After 1990, bagasse wine stopped production, mainly grain wine. Wine is mostly drunk at meals, for guests, friends and holidays.
The habit of drinking tea has a long history. Not only picking tea leaves, but also rubbing them in the sun, drying them with machines and brewing them with boiling water. Traditionally, after 1990, fried green tea is the main brand, and the brands are Wanxing Bihao, Heishan Yinfeng, scented tea and Xinxin.
Third, housing habits.
First, housing construction.
The residents of this town live in a typical single-family village. Except for most of Baitian Village, the first part of Jiufang Village has a courtyard with many outdoor rooms, and most areas in the township have a courtyard for each household. Residential housing is divided into residential housing and production housing. Houses include warehouses, halls, kitchens, etc. A place where people live and store food and all kinds of property; Production houses refer to houses for processing and curing agricultural and sideline products in livestock stables. In most villages, each household has four houses, namely the main room, the left wing room and the sky room, and the attached houses include kitchen, poultry stables, ovens and toilets.
Most houses are tiled buildings, with four pillars and no three pillars. The middle beam is high and the front beam is short, with water coming out on both sides. Each building is mostly left, middle and right, with six rooms upstairs and downstairs. The main room is the main room, with a large entrance area and higher than other rooms. In front of the main room is the yard. The left and right sides of the courtyard are wing rooms (also called wing rooms), and the lower side corresponding to the main room (courtyard) is the day room. Specifications include early summer in Ming building and early summer in Beijing.
B, construction steps.
Building a house is the biggest thing that every family consumes manpower, financial resources and material resources, which is called "building a big house". A house goes through three stages from grading to entering the house. The first is the preparation stage, that is, cutting mountains and digging foundations, building stones, picking wood and so on. Secondly, the stage of building a house, that is, when the wood is ready, the working frame is selected for Majili, the carpenter is invited to make the roof truss, and the neighbors are invited to set up signs and beams, and then the walls are built, the rafters are nailed and the tiles are covered. The third is the decoration stage, and the carpenter is invited to decorate the new house and make the door with a square board. Finally, choose an auspicious day to enter the house.
Baoshan dialect
Yunnan dialect generally belongs to the northern dialect. Reclaiming farmland in Ming Dynasty played a decisive role in the formation of Chinese dialects in Yunnan. With the gradual enrichment of historical and cultural knowledge, I finally understand that the formation of Yunnan dialect is closely related to the migration of Han nationality and the formation of today's ethnic pattern. Yunnan dialect is actually a Chinese dialect in the Central Plains in history. Studying these dialects can explain many historical and cultural problems. Unfortunately, most of the recorded materials were lost in previous political movements, and we can only sort out and explain the existing sporadic records to form this article.
Substitution of Taboo Words in Dialect
In dialects, there are still some people who are unwilling to speak directly, such as urine, feces, dead people and so on. Including direct use of taboo words such as "tiger" and "wolf". Let's put it another way, euphemistically. Not scary, not annoying, not ugly, not elegant. For example, when men, women and children are together, don't swear with reproductive organs.
"Pregnancy" means "the body is not idle" or "the body is not over", and the "physiological period" of women means "the beginning and end of the month". When I gave birth to my first child, I went to my mother-in-law's house and wrote "good news". "The old man is dead" is said to be "having a good time". Young and middle-aged people are "dead" and say "gone". The child's "death" is said to be "small". The child's "death" is said to be "premature death" Ask where the disease is and say, "What's the problem?" . Dying is said to be "great!" . Go to the bathroom and say "go outside" To bury someone and say "burn paper" as a guest. The death of my grandparents dispelled the myth of "worshipping Xi" for my grandson. When a daughter gets married, she meets the sanitary period, which is called "bumping into the door". Gossip, gossip, gossip about others, and say, "You talk a lot." The old lady calls her daughter-in-law "girl". "Too many disasters" means "bad luck". "Burning down the house" is called "running water". Seeking happiness and getting rid of illness is called "playing with happiness". If you don't pay attention to taboo words, it's called "spill the beans" Don't say "wolf, tiger, leopard" when you go out to catch horses. Avoid saying "down" when building a house.