2. The Apollo manned moon landing project was started in May of 196 1, and the first moon landing is expected to be realized from July 20th to July 20th of 1. Since then, the United States has launched Apollo spacecraft six times, five of which were successful, and a total of 12 astronauts landed on the moon. The whole project lasted about 1 1 year and ended in197265438+February, costing 25.5 billion dollars. At the peak of the project, 20,000 enterprises, more than 200 universities and more than 80 scientific research institutions participated, with a total number of more than 300,000. This was one of the most magnificent projects of mankind at that time.
The first step of the project is to determine the moon landing plan, including demonstrating the flight orbit of the spacecraft to the moon and determining the overall layout of the manned spacecraft. Finally, the lunar orbit rendezvous scheme is selected, and the overall layout of the spacecraft consisting of command module, service module and lunar module is determined accordingly.
In order to realize manned landing on the moon, the United States first implemented four auxiliary plans, namely, launching nine "rover" lunar orbiters from 196 1 to 1965 to understand the possibility of Apollo spacecraft landing on the moon in the future. Five "Explorer" lunar landers were launched from 1966 to 1968 to understand the physical and chemical characteristics of lunar soil. Three lunar orbiters were launched from 1966 to 1967, and more than 40 pre-selected landing sites were observed in detail, thus 10 landing sites were selected. From 1965 to 1966, 10 Gemini spacecraft was launched for biomedical research and spacecraft maneuvering flight, docking and extravehicular activity training.
The third aspect of "Apollo" plan is to develop Saturn V carrier rocket with high thrust and low orbital carrying capacity of 1.27 tons.
The development of Apollo spacecraft is the "highlight" of the project. The command module of the spacecraft is the place where astronauts live and work, and it is also the control center of the whole spacecraft. The service cabin is equipped with host computer and other systems; The lunar module consists of a descending stage and an ascending stage.
Human exploration of the moon
Apollo 1 1 carrying the lunar module.
The first manned moon landing was completed by Apollo 1 1. At that time, there were three astronauts on board. When the spacecraft was separated from the third stage of Saturn V rocket, it began to approach the moon after flying in the transitional orbit for 2.5 days. At this time, the main engine of the spacecraft service module slowed down, making the spacecraft enter the orbit around the moon. Then, two astronauts entered the lunar module and drove it away from the spacecraft. At this time, one astronaut in the command module of the spacecraft continued to fly around the moon, while the other two astronauts landed on the surface of the moon in the lunar module. After landing on the moon, astronauts collected rocks and soil, deployed solar cell arrays and installed lunar seismographs. After the mission was completed, they returned to the lunar orbit by upgrading the lunar module, docked with the spacecraft, and finally returned to Earth.
From 1969 1 1 to 12, the United States successively launched Apollo12 to 17 spacecraft, among which "Apollo/kloc-0
Astronauts drilled a 3-meter-long lunar core on the moon and found that there were as many as 57 layers, each representing a meteorite impact, and measured the heat flow from the interior of the moon. The Apollo program was spectacular, which excited the hearts of countless people and made the Millennium dream of manned landing on the moon come true.
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