Yuanmou Man: He lived in Yuanmou, Yunnan since (6.5438+0.7 million years ago). Is the earliest known human in China.
The activities of Yuanmou Man turned the first page of China's history.
Uses of fire: heating, lighting, driving away wild animals, eating cooked food to reduce diseases and enhance physical fitness.
Beijingers are cavemen.
He lived about 700,000 years ago-200,000 years ago. About 18000 years ago, he lived in Zhoukoudian, southwest of Beijing. He lives at the top of Gulong Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing.
It has the basic physical characteristics of human beings and retains some characteristics of apes. The forehead is low and flat, the brow bone is prominent, and the mouth is thick. Basically the same as modern people.
Be able to make stone tools (called paleolithic tools) and master grinding and drilling techniques.
Artificial fire with natural fire.
Make clothes with bone needles and animal skins
Clothes and ornaments have created the requirement of loving beauty.
Living in groups, living in groups, has entered the clan commune.
The remains of primitive farming culture
Hemudu site Banpo site
About 7000 years ago, he was born and lived in Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang. Belongs to the Yangtze River basin. An important site of primitive farming culture left by southern China. Born more than 6000 years ago, he lived in today's Xi Banpo, Shaanxi. Belongs to the Yellow River Basin. Important sites of primitive farming culture left by northern China.
(1) using bone, wood and stone tools. (Stone tools are called "Neolithic tools" after polishing) ② Engaged in primitive agricultural production and planting rice. ③ Feeding buffaloes, pigs and dogs. (4) Collecting, fishing and hunting with simple boats plays an important role in life. Living in a wooden house. ① The earliest widely used tool for grinding stones. Use stone shovels and knives to engage in agriculture and grow millet, hemp and vegetables. ② Raise pigs, dogs, cows, sheep and chickens, and manage primitive animal husbandry. (3) Processing millet into millet and weaving linen with hemp to improve life. (4) can make all kinds of pottery, pointed bottom water bottle is unique, painted pottery is beautiful and practical. (5) Living in a house with a semi-basement.
The story of the past
About 4000 years ago, the tribes of Yan Di and Huangdi in the Yellow River valley were very famous. The Chiyou tribe in the south is very powerful.
Emperor Yan, surnamed Jiang, made and taught people to farm, and was called Shennong. He also invented pottery. Taste herbs and find medicine to cure diseases. The Yellow Emperor, surnamed Ji and named Xuanyuan, created the calendar and invented the apparatus for processing grain and cooking food. Invented bronzes, vehicles and ships.
③ Huangyan Alliance constitutes the backbone of the Chinese nation. Huaxia nationality is the predecessor of Han nationality. Chinese people respect Emperor Yan and Yellow Emperor as their ancestors.
(4) Through democratic election of tribal leaders, Yao, Shun and Yu successively became the leaders of tribal alliances. This system is called abdication.
⑤ In the process of water control, Dayu personally participated, "going through the house three times and not entering".
Xia Shang dynasty
(1) Around 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty, which was the first dynasty in China.
After Yu died, his son succeeded to the throne, and the hereditary system of the throne replaced the abdication system. The establishment of Xia Dynasty marked the emergence of China's early state.
(3) About 1600 BC, Cheng Tang, the leader of Shang Dynasty, launched a war to overthrow Xia Dynasty. War and singing. Tang Cheng established the Shang Dynasty.
(4) About 1300 BC, King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved his capital to Yin (now northwest of Anyang, Henan). Since then, the capital of Shang Dynasty has been stable.
⑤ The sphere of influence of Shang Dynasty: east to the sea, west to the upper reaches of Weihe River, south to the Yangtze River basin and north to Liaohe area.
Compared with the Xia Dynasty, the economy of Shang Dynasty has developed greatly: а agricultural production scale is quite large, and the crops planted are millet, millet, rice and wheat. в Animal husbandry is developed, and six animals are raised, and hundreds or even thousands of animals are used for sacrifice. Handicrafts such as bronze smelting and casting, jade making and wine making are very developed. D commerce has developed to a certain extent, and seashells, bone shells, jade shells and copper shells are used for trading.
The rise and fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty
1: About 1046 BC, Ji Fa, Zhou Wuwang, led an army to destroy the merchants and fought against Konoha. Zhou Wuwang established the Zhou Dynasty, and its capital, Haojing (now Xi, Shaanxi), was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.
2. The enfeoffment system: In order to control the vast areas of the country, Zhou Wang asked his children, relatives and descendants of some ancient emperors to establish enfeoffment systems in various places. This is the enfeoffment system. The ruler of a feudal country is called a monarch (generally called a vassal). Enjoy the right to rule and manage the country's land and people. At the same time, you must undertake the obligation of worshipping Zhou Wang as the son of heaven, regularly appear in front of Zhou Wang, attend important ceremonies presided over by Zhou Wang, contribute treasures and specialties, and obey the dispatch of Zhou Wang, otherwise you will be punished.
3. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, a certain * * established 7 1 vassal states, including Lu, Qi, Yan, Jin and Song. There are 53 feudal countries all surnamed Ji.
4. At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, class contradictions, ethnic contradictions and contradictions within the ruling group were sharp. In 77 1 year BC, the Kanrong people invaded Haojing, and Zhou Youwang was killed, which ended the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Spring and autumn hegemony
1: In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital from Haojiang to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan). Entering the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC)
2. The reason for the hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period: an imperial power declined, and Zhou Wang's rule fell into a serious crisis. B Some vassal states became powerful and launched a long-term war for hegemony in order to compete for more land, property and population, and to dominate the world and other countries.
3. Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, He Lv, King of Wu, and Gou Jian, King of Yue, successively proclaimed themselves emperors, known in history as "the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period".
4. Qi Huangong's first hegemonic conditions: ①. Appoint politicians and officials as prime ministers, develop production, reform internal affairs, reorganize the army, and make the national strength strong. ②: Play the banner of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries". It is a big country in the East.
5. Qi Huangong became the first overlord in the history of the Spring and Autumn Period.
6. After Qi Huangong, Chu Jin fought for hegemony. Chu Jin's army fought a decisive battle in Chengpu, 8 jin j won, and Jin Wengong gained the upper hand. Later, the State of Chu became powerful, and Chu Zhuangwang entered the Central Plains from the north, defeating the Jin Army in Bismuth. Chu Zhuangwang is dominant.
7. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the southern States of Wu and Yue also joined the ranks of hegemony. He Lv, the king of Wu, appointed Sun Wu, a famous strategist, as general. Attack Chu, five wars and five wins, and He Lv, the prince of Wu, is the hero. After long-term efforts. Gou Jian, the King of Yue, became the last overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.
8. The popularity of ironware and Niu Geng is a sign of the remarkable improvement of productivity in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Seven Heroes of Warring States Period
1: After the Spring and Autumn Period, history entered the Warring States Period (475 BC-22 BC1year). At this time, the vassal States mainly included Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin, which were called "Seven Heroes of the Warring States" in history.
2. Wars in the Warring States Period: ①. The war between seven countries continues. (2) weapons have been improved, and infantry and cavalry have replaced chariots as the main arms. ③ Countries organized armies to build fortifications in capitals and borders. (4) The war was fierce and large-scale. There were famous battles such as "Encircling Wei to save Zhao" and the battle of Changping. During the Warring States Period, famous military strategists such as Sun Bin and Bai Qi appeared.
3. Union and Lian Heng. A: In the middle and late Warring States period, Qin became increasingly powerful, posing a threat to the six eastern countries. B: (Summary:) The six countries have the will to "jointly attack one strong country", so cooperation includes sending troops to attack Qin. Historically, this strategy has been called "combination". C (Lian Heng's reason): The further development of Qin to the east will inevitably destroy the six-nation alliance, especially the alliance between the two great powers of Qi and Chu. D (content of Lian Heng); Qin adopted the method of divide and rule, buying and wooing the eastern countries to submit to itself. The history of "attacking the weak with one thing" is called "Lian Heng".
4. The dispute between Zonghe and Lian Heng is an important part of the battle of Warring States.
The Reforms of Shang Yang
Background: Qin is relatively backward, and the six eastern countries look down on Qin; I am deeply ashamed that the land was occupied by Wei and could not be recovered. He is determined to reform the internal affairs, issue decrees and recruit talents. Time: 356 BC. With the support of Qin Xiaogong, Shang Yang began to reform.
Content: 1, Reform the land system. State ownership of land abolished slavery, and the state recognized private ownership of land. 2. Emphasize agriculture and restrain business. 3. Reward soldiers. 4. Move the capital to Xianyang and implement the county system. 5. Strict laws and regulations.
Nature: It was an important political and social reform during the Warring States Period.
Influence: 1, the old system was abolished and the new system was established, and the state of Qin has undergone fundamental changes. Qin Jun's fighting capacity has been greatly improved. 3. Qin has developed social economy.
The unification of Qin dynasty
One: The King of Qin swept Liuhe: At the end of the Warring States period, the strength of Qin far surpassed that of the six eastern countries, and the time was ripe for reunification. Ying Zheng, king of Qin, made active preparations. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Qin destroyed Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi successively.
Two: In 22 1 year BC, Qin unified the world and established the Qin Dynasty, which was the first unified multi-ethnic feudal country in the history of China.
Third, the establishment of the emperor system. In order to show his majesty, the king of Qin combined the most distinguished titles "Huang" and "Emperor" and called himself "the first emperor"
L 4。 Measures to consolidate national unity in the Qin Dynasty: 1. The establishment of the emperor system. The emperor is in the supreme position and has absolute power, and major state affairs are decided by him. Ministers and officials must absolutely obey the emperor's orders. 2. The central government has a Prime Minister, a Qiu, and a Doctor too much to manage administration, military affairs, and supervision respectively. At the local level, the enfeoffment system was abolished and the county system was fully implemented. Unified measurement, unified currency, the provisions of the square hole "half two" copper coins as the common currency, unified text, with Xiao Zhuan as the national common font. 4 attack the Huns in the north, build the Great Wall and defend the Huns.
Chen Guang Uprising
First, the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty: 1: burning books and burying Confucianism, 2: heavy taxes and corvee military service. 3. Extremely severe punishment.
Two: In 209 BC, Guangwu Shengzai Chen osawa Township (now Suxian County, Anhui Province) revolted, which was the first peasant uprising in the history of China. Soon, Chen Sheng became king and established the Zhang Chu regime.
Third: After the sacrifices of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu became powerful. In 207 BC, Xiang Yu led an army to annihilate Qin Jun's main force in the Battle of Julu.
Four: In 207 BC, Liu Bang approached Xianyang, Zi Ying surrendered, and the Qin Dynasty perished.
Five; "Burning books to bury Confucianism" is the concentrated expression of Qin Shihuang's autocratic rule in the field of culture and thought. "Burning books" is Reese's suggestion.
Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty's Literary and Artistic Kung Fu
One: In 202 BC, Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, established the Han Dynasty, and made Chang 'an his capital. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was in power, the Han Dynasty entered its heyday.
Second, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent a letter seeking wisdom and recommended Dong Zhongshu, a famous scholar. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone" and set up the imperial academy in Chang 'an to recruit "disciples".
Third, the measures and functions of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to consolidate reunification: A, measures: 1, ideologically: respecting Confucianism and rejuvenating the country. 2. Politically, we promulgated the "Favourite Decree" and took effective measures to disqualify some kings and princes. Economically, the organization of finance stipulates that the currency is minted by the state, and the salt and iron are monopolized by the state. Private individuals are not allowed to mint money and deal in salt and iron. B: Role: It is conducive to the rule of the country, completely solved the problems of the kingdom, strengthened the state's control over the economy, and provided strong financial support for the martial arts of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
Fourth, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty developed the frontier (martial arts): 1, defeated the Huns, established the "Four Counties in Hexi" 2, reset the counties, and strengthened the management of the vast areas south of Wuling. 3。 Bring southwest Yi region into the direct rule of Han Dynasty.
Zhang Qian is connected with the western regions.
One: In the Han Dynasty, the vast areas west of Yumenguan, Yangguan and Congling were called the Western Regions.
Two: In BC 138, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions with the purpose of contacting Da Yue to attack the Huns. In 1 19 BC, Zhang Qian made his second mission to the western regions, contacted Wusunguo and attacked the Huns.
Three. After Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions, the relationship between the mainland and the Western Regions became increasingly close, and silk ironware, ironware making and well drilling technology spread to the Western Regions. Horses, magic, walnuts and carrots were introduced to the mainland.
Fourth; In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established the "Western Regions Capital Protection House". The western regions (now the northern and southern regions of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang) are officially under the jurisdiction of the central government.
the Silk Road
I: Silk Road (starting point) Chang 'an-Hexi Corridor-Yangguan, Yumenguan-Congling-West Asia and Europe. This road mainly exports silk, so it is called "Silk Road".
Two: The starting point of the Southern Silk Road is Chengdu,
Third, the communication with North Korea during the Qin and Han Dynasties: 1, iron technology was introduced to North Korea; Second, Shu's lacquerware was found in the tomb near Pyongyang; Third, there is a country in North Korea called Qin and Han Dynasties.
Four: During the Western Han Dynasty, China had contacts with Japanese. At that time, more than 30 countries on the Japanese archipelago had contacts with China. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, a Japanese envoy named "Slave Country" was sent to China, and Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty presented the golden seal of "King Han Slave".
Five: Ban Chao sent his subordinate Gan Ying to Daqin just to "shore up the sea" (present-day Persian Gulf). /kloc-in 0/66, the Antoine Dynasty of Daqin (Roman Empire) sent envoys to China from the sea, which was the earliest record of direct friendly exchanges between European countries and China.
The formation of the three kingdoms
One: At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, warlords scuffled, including Yuan Shao and Cao Cao.
Second, the Battle of Guandu: In 200, Yuan Shao and Cao Cao fought in Guandu, and Cao Cao personally led the elite soldiers to sneak into Wu Chao and burned all Yuan Shao's food and grass. Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao. Win more with less. The battle of Guandu laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north. A few years after the battle of Guandu, Cao Cao basically unified the north.
Battle of Red Cliffs: In 208, Cao Cao went south as the prime minister of the Han Dynasty in an attempt to unify the whole country. Sun Quan and Liu Bei formed an alliance and defeated Cao Jun in Chibi. After Battle of Red Cliffs, the situation that Cao Cao, Sun Quan and Liu Bei divided the world into three parts actually took shape.
Four: In 220, Cao Pi established the State of Wei, with Luoyang as its capital. In 22 1 year, Liu Bei established the Han Dynasty, also known as Shu. The capital is Chengdu. In 229, Sun Quan established the State of Wu and Jianye (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). The establishment of Wei, Shu and Wu marked the formal formation of the three pillars.
Five: The tripartite confrontation between the three countries was mainly maintained by the alliance between Shu and Wu, which made Wei afraid to go south.
Preliminary development of South China
1. Reasons for the development of the South during the Three Kingdoms period: 1, the southern region was relatively stable. A large number of northerners moved to the south, bringing a large number of labor and advanced production tools, technologies and crops. 3. The joint efforts of the people of all ethnic groups in North and South. 4. Sun Wu's regime and Shu attached importance to economic construction.
Two: During the Wu-Shu period, the most important handicraft industry in the south of the Yangtze River was weaving hemp, and the monthly cloth produced by Huiji was a famous specialty. Houguan and Panyu are shipbuilding centers that can build big ships. With the improvement of porcelain-making technology, exquisite celadon can be produced.
Third, Zhuge Liang assisted Liu Chan in governing Shu, and handled ethnic relations steadily, so that the "Central South Region" was initially developed.
Four: After the Three Kingdoms, the Western Jin Dynasty once unified the whole country. From the beginning of the 4th century to the end of the 6th century, the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties ruled the South successively.
Five: The Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties were the reasons for the development of the South: 1, and the northern population continued to move southward in large numbers. Most southern rulers attach importance to economic development. 3, the society is relatively stable. The south has a warm climate, abundant rainfall and fertile land.
The intransitive verb Jiankang (Nanjing) is the political and economic center and the largest city in the Southern Dynasties. The change of Jiankang is a microcosm of the development of Jiangnan area.
Seven: In 230, the State of Wu sent Wei Wengong, and Zhuge led a fleet of 10,000 troops to Yizhou (Taiwan Province Province). This is the earliest record of contacts between the mainland and Taiwan Province Province.
Reform of Emperor Xiaowen in Northern Wei Dynasty
One: Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, ethnic minorities such as Xiongnu, Xianbei, Di, Jie and Qiang have moved inward, among which the expansion of Xianbei has the greatest influence.
Secondly, the ethnic distribution in China has formed a pattern that "Han people" mainly live in the Central Plains and ethnic minorities live in the frontier.
Three: Xianbei people established the Northern Wei regime, and the Northern Wei unified the North in 439, marking the beginning of the Northern Dynasty. Tuoba Hong is an outstanding politician of Xianbei nationality.
Four. What is the background, content and significance of Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty?
BACKGROUND: After the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North, the exchanges between people of all ethnic groups increased, and the trend of ethnic integration was obviously enhanced. Xianbei nobles ruled the people of all ethnic groups in a backward way, which intensified social contradictions. The Northern Wei regime faced a crisis, and Emperor Xiaowen Tuobohong decided to change this situation.
Content: 1, learn from the economic and political systems of the Han nationality and implement a series of new systems to strengthen the management of the economy and officials. 2. Move the capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang. 3. Vigorously promote the policy of learning the advanced economy and culture of the Han nationality, advocate and encourage Xianbei people to change Hanfu, marry the Han nationality, learn Chinese, and improve the school education system.
Impact: 1, which promoted the progress and development of Xianbei nationality. 2 accelerated the process of great ethnic integration in the north.
Outstanding achievements of bronze craft
One: More than 4,000 years ago, our ancestors had mastered the smelting and casting technology of "bronze". The first metal used by mankind is copper, and bronze is the first alloy made by mankind. Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties are called "Bronze Age". During the Warring States Period, China entered the "Iron Age".
Bronze wares include food containers, wine containers, musical instruments, chariots and horses, weapons and tools.
Three: bronze representative: 1 Simu Wuding (unearthed in Henan)-fully embodies the technical level of bronze smelting and casting. Majestic and majestic. It is a typical style representative of Shang bronzes.
Four Sheep Square Zun (unearthed in Hunan)-It is a bronze masterpiece with exquisite structure and fine production.
3 bronze portraits, bronze masks and bronze trees (unearthed in Sanxingdui, Guanghan, Sichuan)-exquisite structure, unique shape and unique style; There are rich lines and beautiful patterns on decorative patterns, which have infinite artistic charm and make people enjoy art.
Excellence engineering
One: Dujiangyan: At the end of the Warring States Period, Li Bing and Shu Shou of the State of Qin built Dujiangyan in the Minjiang River in Chengdu. Dujiangyan is characterized by reasonable site selection, scientific design, dam-free water diversion, gravity irrigation, labor saving and high efficiency. Dujiangyan's function: to make Chengdu Plain a "land of abundance".
Two: At the end of the Warring States Period, the State of Qin built the Zheng Guoqu near Xianyang to irrigate the farmland in Guanzhong Plain.
Third, in order to resist the Huns and consolidate the northern frontier defense, in the early years of Qin Dynasty, the State of Qin built the Great Wall, from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east. It is more than ten thousand miles long. It is a symbol of China's ancient civilization and one of the great projects of the ancient world.
Four: The "Lingqu" built in Qin Dynasty connects the Yangtze River and the Pearl River.
Great achievements in science and technology
One: In the Western Han Dynasty, people used hemp to make paper, and China first invented papermaking in the world. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun improved papermaking, which increased the output of paper and greatly reduced the cost. Paper became an important writing material.
Second, the significance of the invention and improvement of papermaking: it provided important conditions for cultural exchange and preservation, and it was a great contribution of China ancients to human culture.
Three: Nine Chapters of Arithmetic in the Eastern Han Dynasty is a very important mathematical monograph in ancient China. This paper introduces the concept of negative number, the addition and subtraction algorithm of positive and negative numbers and the solution of simultaneous linear equations, which is the earliest in the world.
Four: Zu Chongzhi, a mathematician in the Southern Dynasties, first calculated pi to the seventh place after the decimal point in the world, about 1 100 years earlier than Europe.
Major achievements in the field of names and dynasties
Zhang Zhongjing compiled Treatise on Febrile Diseases in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which laid the foundation of TCM therapeutics.
Hua Tuo, a famous folk doctor, was the first medical practitioner in the Eastern Han Dynasty to use general anesthesia to compile "Five Birds Play".
The Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie, an agronomist in the Northern Wei Dynasty, is the earliest existing agricultural work in China and a world-famous agricultural work.
Notes on Water Classics by Li Daoyuan, a geographer in the Northern Wei Dynasty, is a famous geographical work in ancient China.
The evolution of Chinese characters
One: Oracle Bone Inscriptions: During the Shang Dynasty, the words carved on tortoise shell bones were called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. In Shang Dynasty, Oracle Bone Inscriptions was widely used as a relatively mature and complete script, and Chinese characters developed from Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Since the Shang Dynasty, the history of our country has been recorded in reliable words.
Two: During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the words cast on bronzes were called "bronze inscriptions". During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the number of bronzes with characters increased.
Three: Qin Dynasty, Xiao Zhuan is a national common font. During the Han Dynasty, official script was widely used, and the characters on bamboo slips, silk scripts and stone carvings in the Han Dynasty were basically official scripts.
Four: cursive script and regular script were formed at the end of Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, cursive script, regular script and running script became mature. The cursive script is chic, the regular script is dignified, and the running script is smooth and convenient.
Five: Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen left reliable written records and precious materials for later generations to study the history of Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
Active academic thought
One; Confucius, Zi Qiu, was born in Lu (now Qufu, Shandong) during the Spring and Autumn Period. He is a famous thinker and educator in China. His thoughts are preserved in The Analects of Confucius, which provides valuable information for studying Confucius.
Two: Why is Confucius called a thinker? -Because: 1, put forward the theory of "benevolence", thinking that as long as the rulers are considerate of the people and the people respect and obey the rulers, the world will be peaceful. 2, put forward a set of conservative political ideas, unable to understand the ongoing social changes. 3. With the establishment of the Confucian School, Confucianism became the orthodox thought in China's feudal era, which had a far-reaching impact on China culture.
Iii. Confucius' great contribution to education: 1, establishing private schools, expanding educational targets, and breaking the government's monopoly on education. 2. Books such as Poem, Book and Chunqiu were compiled as teaching materials, which enriched the teaching content and preserved and developed the ancient culture of China. In teaching, we should attach importance to teachers' morality, be good at inspiring and inducing, and insist on teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.
The reasons for the contention of a hundred schools of thought during the Warring States Period and the main schools and representatives;
Reason: During the Warring States Period, the society was undergoing profound changes. Different people have different views on this change. Some scholars write books, gather people to give lectures, expound opinions and spread opinions, thus producing a large number of thinkers and forming many schools. Various factions criticized each other, argued fiercely and influenced each other, forming a situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend", which made academic thoughts unprecedentedly active.
Representatives and representative works:
Daojiazhuang Zhou Songguo Zhuangzi
Mencius comes from Zou Guo's Mencius, a Confucian.
Xun Zi by Xun Zi
Mohist Lu's Mozi
Han Fei, a Legalist, South Korea's Han Fei Zi
Military strategist Sun Bin's Art of War
Literature, history and religion
Second, the author, content and influence of Historical Records. A: The author is Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty. Content: 1 records the ancient history from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and it is the first biography of China in ancient times. 2。 Book *** 130 has created a new series of historical books with biographical style. Influence: It is the best historical work in ancient China, which has a far-reaching influence on the compilation of historical books in later generations.
Three: At the end of the Western Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, ancient Indian Buddhism was introduced into Chinese mainland from the Western Regions. Because of the advocacy of the ruling class, it gradually became popular, which had a wide and far-reaching impact on China's thought, culture and economy.
Four: Taoism is a native religion in China. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism was formally founded, and Taoism respected Laozi, the founder of Taoist school, as its leader.
Colorful art
Music: A set of chimes unearthed from the Warring States Tomb in Suizhou, Hubei Province, which can play all kinds of music, has been highly praised by Chinese and foreign art circles.
2. Art: Sculpture was the most outstanding achievement in the fine arts of Qin and Han Dynasties. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are masterpieces of sculpture and can be called a large exhibition hall of ancient sculpture art in China.
Calligraphy: Wang Xizhi, an outstanding calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is good at all kinds of fonts. His official script and regular script are correct and standardized, and his running script and cursive script are smooth and natural, creating a new artistic conception and reaching the peak of calligraphy art. His Preface to Lanting is called "the best running script in the world"
Painting: Gu Kaizhi, a famous painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is good at figure painting. Not only is his image beautiful and lifelike, but also his inner world and personality characteristics have been fully reflected. Representative works include A History of Women and A Picture of Luoshen.
1. There are different opinions on Qin Shihuang: some people think that he is an outstanding landlord class politician; Some people think he is a tyrant. what do you think? (Put forward opinions and explain reasons)
He is not only an outstanding politician of the landlord class, but also a tyrant. He has made greater contributions than before.
Achievements: ① Complete national reunification and establish the first unified centralized feudal country in China. (2) The establishment of feudal autocratic centralization has far-reaching influence. (3) unify the car shape, characters, currency and weights and measures.
More than: ① Burning books to bury Confucianism and destroy culture. (2) the corvee, heavy taxes. ③ The criminal law is harsh and life is corrupt.
First, the battles of winning more with less: the Battle of Julu, the Battle of Guandu and Battle of Red Cliffs.
Things or people related to idioms.
Fight back-retreat from the battle of Makino-the battle of Chengpu was a blockbuster and won the Central Plains-Chu Zhuangwang.
Try to be brave-Gou Jian, the king of Yue, burned his bridges-Xiang Yu rose up-Daze Township Uprising
Three: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi and Dong Zhongshu all belong to Confucianism. Sun Wu, Tian Lei and Sun Bin are all soldiers.
Shang Yang and Han Fei belong to Legalists. Laozi, Zhuang Zhou belongs to Taoism.