In A.D. 1638, the book "Two New Sciences" by Italian scientist Galileo was published, which contained a detailed description of the inclined plane experiment. The study of Galileo dynamics and Kepler's three laws summarized by German scientist Kepler from 1609 ~ 16 18 are the basis of Newtonian mechanics.

In A.D. 1643, Italian scientist Torricelli experimented with atmospheric pressure and invented the mercury barometer.

In A.D. 1646, Pascal, a French scientist, verified the existence of atmospheric pressure.

In AD 1654, German scientist Gerry invented an open air pump to obtain vacuum.

In 1662, British scientist Boyle discovered Boyle's law through experiments. 14 years later, French scientist marriott discovered this law independently.

In A.D. 1663, Gerry conducted experiments in the hemisphere of Fort Madre.

In A.D. 1666, British scientist Newton used a prism to do dispersion experiments.

In A.D. 1669, Basselinas discovered that light has birefringence after passing through calcite.

In A.D. 1675, Newton experimented with Newton's rings. Newton's rings were a phenomenon of light interference, but Newton still explained them with the theory of light particles.

In A.D. 1752, American scientist Franklin made a kite experiment to lead lightning to the ground.

In A.D. 1767, Priest Le, an American scientist, deduced the inverse square law of electrostatic force based on the experiment that there was no electrostatic charge in Franklin conductor.

In A.D. 1780, Italian scientist Gavagni discovered the contraction of frog leg muscles, which was thought to be caused by animal electricity. However, it was not until 179 1 that he published a paper in this field.

In A.D. 1785, French scientist Coulomb used his own torsion balance to get the inverse square law of electrostatic force from the experiment. Prior to this, the British scientist Mitchell had a similar design, and put forward the magnetic inverse square law in 1750.

In A.D. 1787, French scientist Charles discovered Charles-Gay-Lussac's law of gas expansion. Gay-Lussac's research was published in 1802.

In A.D. 1792, Volta studied the Gavagni phenomenon, which was believed to be caused by the contact of two metals.

In A.D. 1798, the British scientist Cavendish measured the gravitational constant G with a torsion balance experiment.

In A.D. 1798, American scientist Lunford published his friction heat-generating experiment, and these experimental facts are an important basis for opposing the heat card theory.

In A.D. 1799, British scientist David made a friction experiment in vacuum, which proved that heat was caused by the vibration of particles.

In A.D. 1800, the British scientist Herschel discovered infrared rays from the radiant heat effect of the solar spectrum.

In A.D. 180 1 year, German scientist Walter Schell discovered ultraviolet rays from the chemical action of the solar spectrum.

In 65438 AD, British scientist Thomas Young measured the wavelength of light by interferometry.

In A.D. 1802, British scientist wollaston discovered the dark lines in the solar spectrum.

In 1808, French scientist Marius discovered the polarization of light.

In 18 1 1 year, British scientist Brewster discovered Brewster's law of polarized light.

18 15 years, German scientist Flawn Hof began to study the dark lines in sunlight with a spectroscope.

18 19, French scientists Dulong and Petit discovered that the specific heat of gram atom solid is a constant, about 6 calories per gram atom, which is the so-called Dulong Petit's law.

In A.D. 1820, Danish scientist Oster discovered that conducting wires produced magnetic effects.

In AD 1820, French scientists Biot and Savart obtained the magnetic field law of current elements through experiments.

In A.D. 1820, French scientist Ampere discovered the interaction between currents through experiments. 1822, he further studied the interaction between currents and put forward Ampere's law.

182 1 year, the thermoelectric effect (seebeck effect) was discovered by Estonian scientist Seebeck.

In A.D. 1827, British scientist Brown discovered that fine particles suspended in liquid kept moving in disorder, which was a strong evidence of molecular motion theory.

In 1830, Nobili invented the thermopile.

In A.D. 183 1 year, Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction.

In A.D. 1834, the French scientist Peltier discovered that electric current can cool the Peltier effect.

In 1835, American scientist Henry discovered self-induction, and in 1842, he discovered electric oscillating discharge.

In A.D. 1840, the British scientist Joule discovered from the thermal effect of current that the heat generated is directly proportional to the square of current, resistance and time, which is called Joule-Lentz Law (Lentz also independently discovered this law). After that, Joule continuously measured the mechanical equivalent of heat from 1843, 1845, 1847, 1849 to 1878. Forty years later, * * * conducted more than 400 experiments.

In A.D. 1842, a French scientist, Lenore, used experiments to measure the properties of real gas and found that it deviated from Boyle's law and Guy-Lussac's law.

In A.D. 1843, Faraday proved the law of charge conservation through experiments.

In A.D. 1845, Faraday discovered that a strong magnetic field makes the plane of polarization of light rotate, which is called Faraday effect.

In AD 1849, the French scientist Fizeau first measured the speed of light on the ground.

In A.D. 185 1 year, the French scientist Foucault made the Foucault pendulum experiment to prove the rotation of the earth.

In A.D. 1852, British scientists Joule and william thomson discovered Joule-Thomson effect of gas (sudden expansion of gas after passing through a narrow channel causes temperature change).

In A.D. 1858, German scientist Pluckel discovered cathode rays in a discharge tube.

In A.D. 1859, the German scientist Kirchhoff initiated spectral analysis, and later discovered new elements such as cesium and rubidium through spectral analysis. He also discovered the relationship between emission spectrum and absorption spectrum and established the radiation law.

In A.D. 1866, German scientist Gü nter made an experiment to measure the speed of sound in gas or solid with a Gü nter tube.

In A.D. 1869, German scientist Hittorff used magnetic field to deflect cathode rays.

187 1 year, British scientist Varli discovered that cathode rays are negatively charged.

In A.D. 1875, the British scientist Kerr discovered that under the action of strong electric field, some isotropic transparent media would become anisotropic, thus making light birefringent, which is the so-called Kerr electro-optic effect.

In A.D. 1876, the German scientist Goldstein began a large number of experiments to study anode rays, thus discovering the polar falling rays.

1879, British scientist crookes began a series of experiments to study cathode rays.

In AD 1879, Austrian scientist Stefan discovered the empirical formula of blackbody radiation.

In A.D. 1879, American scientist Hall discovered that when current passes through metal, the Hall effect of transverse electromotive force is generated under the action of magnetic field.

In A.D. 1880, French scientists Curie brothers discovered the piezoelectric effect of crystals.

In A.D. 188 1 year, American scientist Michelson made the ether drift experiment for the first time, and the result was zero. The resulting Michelson interferometer is extremely sensitive.

1885, Michelson cooperated with Morey to improve the measurement of light speed in Fizeau flowing water.

In A.D. 1887, Michelson and Morey did the ether drift experiment again, and the result was zero.

In A.D. 1887, German scientist Hertz made an electromagnetic wave experiment, which confirmed the electromagnetic field theory of British scientist Maxwell. At the same time, hertz discovered the photoelectric effect.

In A.D. 1890, Hungarian scientist Elvo made an experiment and proved that inertial mass equals gravitational mass.

In a.d. 1893, while studying cathode rays, the German scientist Learnard installed a thin aluminum window on the tube, which made the cathode rays pass through the tube and enter the air. The range was about 1 cm, which was called Learnard rays.

1895, p Curie discovered Curie point and Curie law.

In A.D. 1895, the German scientist Roentgen discovered X-rays.

1896, French scientist becquerel discovered radioactivity.

In A.D. 1896, Zeeman, a Dutch scientist, discovered that magnetic fields split spectral lines. This phenomenon was later called Zeeman effect, which confirmed Lorenz's conjecture about electronic theory.