History must test two knowledge points 1
First, the initial development of modern national industries (not directly stipulated by the curriculum standards) P32
(1) Time: from the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 to the beginning of the 20th century.
(2) favorable conditions:
(1) Imperialism has expanded its economic aggression, especially its capital export, further destroying China's natural economy.
② The Qing government allowed the establishment of private factories.
People call for "setting up factories to save themselves" and "saving the country through industry" to save the national crisis.
(3) Representative enterprise: Zhang Jian's Nantong Sheng Da Cotton Mill.
(4) Political influence: The national bourgeoisie stepped onto the political stage and started the reform and democratic revolutionary movement.
Second, the tortuous development of national industries in the Republic of China: P34
(1) The brief "spring" of national industry in the early years of the Republic of China (about1912-19);
Reasons: ① the promotion of the Revolution of 1911: overthrowing autocratic rule and clearing obstacles;
Improve the political status of the national bourgeoisie;
Promulgate laws to develop industries and stimulate investment enthusiasm
(2) the people's anti-imperialist patriotic movement (such as boycotting Japanese goods and promoting domestic products)
(3) During the First World War, European imperialist countries temporarily relaxed their economic aggression against China.
Performance: the development of textile industry and flour industry.
Limitations: ① The geographical distribution and departmental development are still unbalanced (mainly in coastal areas and light industry), and an independent and complete industrial system has not been formed.
② Compared with foreign capital and traditional economy, it still occupies a comparative disadvantage.
(3) The development time was short, and it was depressed after World War I because of the revival of the great powers.
Political influence: It promoted the unprecedented strength of the proletariat and laid a class foundation for the May 4th Movement, the birth of China and the beginning of the new-democratic revolution.
(2) the short-term development in the early days of Kuomintang rule (1927- 1936);
Reasons: ① National reunification was completed in the form of Kuomintang;
(2) The national economic construction movement, the monetary system reform (and the New Testament reform movement) and other policies and measures promoted by the National Government; (3) the people's anti-imperialist patriotic movement (such as boycotting foreign products and promoting domestic products)
Performance: 1936 has reached the highest level in history.
Limitation: The rapid expansion of bureaucratic capital: It laid a certain material foundation for War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
(3) Late period of Kuomintang rule (1937- 1949): in trouble.
Reasons: ① Destroying the Japanese war of aggression: A occupied B in the name of military needs and was destroyed by the war.
(2) The economic aggression of the United States against China: through the Sino-US Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, it gained privileges, exported a large number of goods and capital, and monopolized the China market.
(4) The destruction of the Kuomintang's civil war, inflation policy and exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees.
(5) the oppression of bureaucratic capital
Impact: ① During the Anti-Japanese War, national industries moved inward (to the northwest and southwest), which promoted the economic and social modernization of the mainland and changed the industrial layout.
(2) The national bourgeoisie actively participated in the anti-Japanese national united front and the people's democratic united front against America and Chiang Kai-shek, and participated in the new-democratic revolution led by the China * * * production party and the creation of a new China.
History compulsory two knowledge points 2
First, the main factors affecting the development of capitalism in China:
(1) Obstacles:
① Congenital deficiency.
Compared with western capitalism, China's modern national industry lacked capital, talents, technology, market and ideological preparation.
② Semi-colonial and semi-feudal social environment.
The oppression and bondage of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism are the main factors that hinder the development of modern national industry.
③ Acquired malformation.
Due to congenital deficiency, small national industrial capital, small scale and weak technical force, the investment direction and development are mainly in the field of light industry, and the foundation of heavy industry is weak, mainly distributed in coastal areas and trading ports. This imbalance in industrial structure and regional distribution has led to the abnormal development of national industries and failed to form an independent and complete industrial system.
④ The long-term political turmoil in modern China made the development of national industries lack of a stable social environment.
(2) Factors promoting development:
(1) The invasion of western powers not only brought great disasters to the Chinese nation, but also constantly impacted the mode of production and ideas of China society and decomposed China's self-sufficient feudal economy. Objectively speaking, it is the prosperity of national industry.
Its rise and development provide some conditions and possibilities.
(2) National policy support: Due to the influence of the trend of the times and the need to consolidate the rule, successive governments from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China encouraged the establishment of industries. (3) Promotion of the patriotic movement of the people: The anti-imperialist patriotic enthusiasm of the people of China is constantly rising, which has provided an increasingly broad social foundation for "saving the country through industry", especially the growing movement of boycotting foreign goods and promoting domestic products, which has effectively promoted the development of national industries.
(4) the patriotism of industrialists to strive for self-improvement:
It is the power and source of strength to support the tortuous development of national industry.
History required 2 knowledge points 3
1. Under the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social conditions, the position and role of capitalism in the development of China's modern history.
(1) Economy:
(1) resisted the economic aggression of foreign capitalism to a certain extent;
(2) accelerated self-sufficient feudalism.
Economic disintegration
③ Promoted the industrialization process of modern China and the development of modern cities.
④ It has promoted the improvement, innovation and change of modern people's social life style.
(2) politics:
It promoted the formation and growth of the national bourgeoisie and proletariat, and provided material and class foundation for China's democratic revolution (including the Reform and Reform, the Revolution of 1911, and the new-democratic revolution led by China).
(3) Thought:
Constantly impacting and shaking the dominant position of feudal orthodoxy provided social conditions for the spread of western bourgeois ideology and culture;
(4) Development trend: the national capitalist industry has less capital, small scale, weak technical force, no complete industrial system and unreasonable regional distribution. Relying on foreign capitalism, domestic feudal forces and bureaucratic capitalism to a certain extent, it is difficult to develop independently.
Second, the historical fate of capitalism in modern China (not directly stipulated by the curriculum standards) P39
(1) Survival in the crevice: (development resistance)
(1) foreign capitalist aggression: (performance:)
Restrictions on China and its imported products.
B. Dumping goods, plundering raw materials and exporting capital by taking advantage of various privileges seized.
(For example, after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, American goods flooded in and almost monopolized the China market)
Directly destroyed the war of aggression against China.
(2) the bondage of domestic feudal forces:
A before the Sino-Japanese War, it was not officially recognized by the Qing government;
The local government extorted money through exorbitant taxes.
(3) the suppression of the national government and bureaucratic capital:
Huge domestic debt and indiscriminate paper money
Merger through direct investment, participation in official shares, purchase, extortion or even confiscation.
(2) Seek development through struggle:
Performance of struggle: omitted
Characteristics of struggle: both revolutionary and compromising. That is, two sides
① Revolutionary causes: oppression by imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism.
Purpose of struggle: for your own survival and development; For the benefit of the Chinese nation
Reasons for compromise: Because of its small capital, small scale and weak technical force, it relies on foreign capital and capital stock to some extent.
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