Moreover, when Chen Shou first wrote the History of the Three Kingdoms, he was an official in the Jin Dynasty and referred to the books of Wei, Wu and Shu at that time, so his information at that time was very perfect. ...
Moreover, from a political standpoint, first of all, he was an official of Shu, and perhaps he would resent Wei's destruction of Shu, but later Wei's promotion supervised his writing, and Jin, as the regime that usurped Wei, would certainly try to ask him to be partial to Wei, and Wu was not related to him by blood, so he was treated fairly. There is no reason to tamper with it. Most of what he wrote at that time should be the real reality he saw. ...
As for Pei Songzhi's notes, first of all, most of what he added was what he saw as the so-called unofficial history, and almost everything in the official history was written by Chen Shou, while some of unofficial history were credible and might be ignored or covered up by the rulers, but there were also a large part of unofficial history who artistically added the image of people in his heart according to folklore. ...
On the whole, what Chen Shou wrote is trustworthy, but we can't ignore the possible omissions or partial fullness in writing, but it's harmless. What Pei Songzhi wrote is worth pondering, but you can't believe it all. After all, some things are credible. ...
Question 2: Is the History of the Three Kingdoms true or the Romance of the Three Kingdoms true? Of course, the reflection of the Three Kingdoms shall prevail. After all, it was written by people at that time.
Even though Chen Shou may be slightly biased, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is still imagined by later generations on the basis of The History of the Three Kingdoms. Isn't the credibility even lower?
Of course, the rule of China's historiography is that dynasties don't write their own history, and the history of dynasties is judged by later generations. It's very atmospheric, but I agree with you. For example, the history of the Ming dynasty was distorted by the Qing dynasty, as if the emperors of the Ming dynasty were all bad emperors and corrupt officials were everywhere.
Question 3: What is the truth about the Three Kingdoms? When it comes to the Three Kingdoms period, people first think of the well-known Romance of the Three Kingdoms, but now most people have realized that Romance of the Three Kingdoms is an artistic literary work, and its works do not completely follow the historical facts, because the author's feelings of "respecting Liu and belittling Cao". Everyone respects the History of the Three Kingdoms written by Chen Shou as the official history, but can the History of the Three Kingdoms fully reflect this historical event? I feel incomplete. There is still a certain gap between the history of the Three Kingdoms and the real history.
Let's start with Chen Shou, the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Chen Shou (233 ~ 297) was born in Han 'an County (now Shunqing District, Nanchong City) and was a native of Chengzuo. When Chen Shou was born, it was the time when Wei, Shu and Wu confronted each other. When I was young, I studied under Qiao Zhou and became an official of Guan Ge. Later, his career was frustrated because he offended Huang Hao, an authoritarian official at that time. After the demise of Shu, he became an official in Jin and compiled Zhuge Liang Collection, which was appreciated by Emperor Wu of Jin. After more than ten years, he wrote the History of the Three Kingdoms, which is called the first four histories together with Historical Records, Hanshu and Houhanshu.
As can be seen from Chen Shou's experience, The History of the Three Kingdoms was compiled by the Jin Dynasty ceded by Cao Wei. Therefore, Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms is based on Cao Wei. According to the History of the Three Kingdoms, Di Wei was named emperor, while Emperor Wu of Shu only circulated among courtiers, and was called Lord Shu and Lord Wu. When the kings of Wu and Shu acceded to the throne, they both recorded the title of Wei. The History of the Three Kingdoms describes the royal family of Jin Dynasty, but it obviously whitewashes what Sima Jia did in Wei, Jin and Zen. Therefore, it is understandable that the compilation of the History of the Three Kingdoms was more or less influenced by politics at that time. History books themselves serve politics. But because Chen Shou was born in Shu, and once lived and served as an official in Shu, I think he still misses Shu. Therefore, he called Liu Bei and his son the first and last masters in Shu Han, which is different from Sun Wu.
According to the information available to Chen Shou, there were some historical books about Wei and Wu, such as Shu Wei and Wu Shu, before writing the History of the Three Kingdoms. Shu Wei and Wu Shu in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms are mainly written according to these historical books. However, the Shu-Han regime did not set up historians, and there was no special person responsible for collecting materials and compiling the history of Shu. Shu Shu's information was collected and arranged by Chen Shou. Because the writing time of the book is close to the Three Kingdoms, the achievements of others can not be used much, and there is no condition to obtain a large number of documents and archives, so the contents recorded in the History of the Three Kingdoms always make people feel that there are insufficient historical materials. It can also be seen from the length of the Three Kingdoms that there are 30 in Wei, 20 in Wu, and only 15 in Shu, and the content of Wei Emperor is far more detailed than that of Shu master. Due to the lack of historical materials in Shu and Han Dynasties, although Pei Songzhi later annotated the History of the Three Kingdoms, he still felt that the content was not sufficient.
As for the degree of respect for historical facts in Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms, I don't think we should jump to conclusions. Since it can be called the first four histories together with Shiji, Hanshu and Houhanshu, the authenticity of its contents is credible.
So I think the historical facts recorded in the History of the Three Kingdoms should be credible, but its shortcomings are as follows: First, influenced by politics at that time, focusing on "respecting Wei" will cover up some history that is not conducive to Wei and Jin Dynasties, that is, there are fewer negative materials for Wei. Secondly, due to the lack of historical materials, the content of Shu is somewhat thin. I believe many historical events in Shu are not included. Of course, the content of martial arts should be the same. It seems that we should look at the history of the troubled times of the Three Kingdoms more comprehensively. To Wei or Liu is our personal opinion.
As for whether the historical facts written in Chen Shou's version of the History of the Three Kingdoms exist, Chen Shou's writing of the History of the Three Kingdoms is not as comprehensive and rich as that of full-time historians such as Sima Qian, so he has a strict attitude towards the selection of materials and prefers not to mention things he is not sure about, rather than record them. But not mentioning it does not prove that there is no history.
Take the well-known Tao Te Ching as the Tao Te Ching of the Han Dynasty, and many of its contents are gone now. It is reported that the female corpse of Mawangdui in Changsha was unearthed. Zhou Cang is in the romance, not in the reflection, but it is not recorded in the reflection, which does not mean that there is no such person in history.
On class nature: The History of the Three Kingdoms is the official calendar of the Jin Dynasty, and its credibility is deeply questioned.
Question 4: Do all the characters in the Three Kingdoms really exist? The characters in the Three Kingdoms are real, but in later works, more artistic treatment is added to make the description more vivid, and the author of the book will also add his own unreasonable feelings, so the description of the characters he likes and dislikes will inevitably be different.
Question 5: After all, the authenticity of the Three Kingdoms has not really been experienced, so it is impossible to determine whether a historical record is true. Chu can judge that this record is "relatively credible" from the time evidence such as the time of writing. Chen Shou, the author of The History of the Three Kingdoms, is from the Western Jin Dynasty. His account of the Three Kingdoms period is objectively credible, although because he is from the Western Jin Dynasty, his remarks will intentionally or unintentionally favor the Sima family and Cao Wei. I don't know why the Three Kingdoms didn't describe Zhang Fei's appearance. Some folks also say that he is a Confucian general, good at calligraphy and beauty painting, and now only his calligraphy is not authentic.
Question 6: Is the History of the Three Kingdoms really an official history? The History of the Three Kingdoms written by Chen Shou is basically true. Pei Songzhi's Notes on the History of the Three Kingdoms is a supplement to the History of the Three Kingdoms. Generally speaking, both can be regarded as historical facts.
Question 7: What are the main differences between The History of the Three Kingdoms and The Romance of the Three Kingdoms? The former is an official history and the latter is a novel, which is the biggest difference. The History of the Three Kingdoms is a biographical national history, which records the split period of Wei, Shu and Wu. Among them, Shu Wei has 30 volumes, Shu Shu 15 volumes, Wu Shu has 20 volumes and * * * has 65 volumes. It recorded the history of 60 years from the first year of Huang Chu, Wei Wendi (220 years) to the first year of Taikang, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty (280 years). The author is Chen Shou in the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty. The History of the Three Kingdoms written by Chen Shou, like the first three histories, is also a private history book. After his death, Shang Fan F said in the above table: "Chen Shou wrote" The History of the Three Kingdoms ",which is beneficial to the wind. Although the elegance is not the same, the quality is straight and I am willing to record it. " It can be seen that the History of the Three Kingdoms was well received by people at that time after it was written. Chen Shou's narrative is short, the three books are rarely repeated, and the notes are informative. He is also very cautious in the selection of materials, which is valued by historians of past dynasties. Historical Records, History of Han Dynasty, History of Later Han Dynasty and History of the Three Kingdoms are collectively called the first four histories, which are considered as biographical historical masterpieces. The History of the Three Kingdoms is the basis of the romance novels of the Three Kingdoms. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is long and short ... because it is not an official history at all-if it is similar to the official history, there is no need to compile the Romance of the Three Kingdoms after it is written. The History of the Three Kingdoms written by Chen Shou in Jin Dynasty records the history of Wei, Shu and Wu in the Three Kingdoms period, which is realistic and one of the twenty-four histories. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms written by Luo Guanzhong in Ming Dynasty is a literary work based on the history recorded in the History of the Three Kingdoms, and its content is not completely in line with historical facts, so it is one of the classical Four Great Classical Novels in China. On the historical value, the former is higher than the latter; If literary value is mentioned, the latter is higher than the former.
The History of the Three Kingdoms is the so-called official history, while The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a novel, story and literary work based on the history recorded in the History of the Three Kingdoms. If you want to study history, of course, you should read The History of the Three Kingdoms. If you want to gain some historical knowledge for fun, Romance of the Three Kingdoms is enough. The biggest difference between romance and official history is that romance is not true, but a novel. Everyone says that the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a seven-point historical fact and three-point fiction.
There are three main differences:
First, different styles. The History of the Three Kingdoms is a historical book and an objective narrative of the history of the Three Kingdoms. Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a historical novel, an artificial interpretation of the history of the Three Kingdoms, which contains a lot of fictional contents.
Second, the time for writing books is different. The History of the Three Kingdoms was written in the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, which is very close to the Three Kingdoms, so the authenticity of this history book can be guaranteed. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms was written in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, mixed with a lot of folklore.
Third, the inheritance relationship is different. Chen Shou wrote the History of the Three Kingdoms on the basis of historical materials collected by himself for many years, while Luo Guanzhong wrote the Romance of the Three Kingdoms mainly on the basis of the History of the Three Kingdoms. In other words, the history of the Three Kingdoms is the matrix of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Zhou Yu, resourceful and open-minded in the history of the Three Kingdoms, became a narrow-minded and jealous "cheapskate" in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhou Yu was versatile since childhood and was proficient in music when he was young. As long as there is a mistake in playing music, he will definitely find it, and when he finds it, he will definitely point out the maze. Therefore, there was a saying among the people at that time: "If the song is wrong, Zhou Lang will take care of it" (Zhou Lang will look for it and ask Zhou Lang for advice). Zhuge Liang sent messengers to Battle of Red Cliffs, persuaded Sun Quan, and joined forces with Wu to fight Cao. This strategy has played a key role. But the commander and planner of the whole campaign was actually Zhou Yu. Zhou Yu played an important role in persuading Sun Quan, and in The Romance of Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang challenged him. Fire attack was put forward by Huang Gai, and later changed to Zhuge Liang, all out of the need to highlight the main character of Zhuge Liang. It highlights Luo Guanzhong's love for Zhuge Liang, and Zhou Yu's character in the novel is mainly narrow-minded, especially jealous of Zhuge Liang. This is the need of novel creation, so that different characters have distinct personalities. Zhou Yu in history was open-minded. Veteran Cheng Pu refused to accept Zhou Yu because he was young and insulted him many times in person. Zhou Yu didn't care about him. Cheng Pu was finally impressed by Zhou Yu's talent and morality, and moved to say, "Make friends with Zhou Gongjin, and you won't get drunk when you drink." He became friends with him. Zhou Yu, who is narrow-minded and described in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, is a supporting role image deliberately created by Luo Guanzhong to set off Zhuge Liang. It's an artistic treatment, so you can't take it seriously. Of course, there is no historical basis for "Three Yu", and Zhou Yu finally died of illness on the way out. ...& gt& gt
Question 8: Chen Shou? Are all the things recorded in the reflection true? Whether it is official history or unofficial history, the authenticity of the things recorded above is worth pondering.
Because, first of all, all official histories were compiled by later dynasties. In order to cater to the rulers at that time, the emperors of the previous generation could not say anything like Tang and vilify them when necessary. Do you want to beautify some ugly acts during the rise of your dynasty, or don't say anything. Second, the most important basis for compiling history is the records of the previous generation. For example, the most important reference of Ming history is Ming History. But the record is not necessarily true, because since Emperor Taizong, emperors have been able to read their own works, and not all historians are not afraid of death. Third, there is an important principle in compiling history, that is, "those who respect it are taboo", that is, some ugly acts of the emperor, which you can't say or directly say. For example, some things about Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in Historical Records, Tai Shigong just beat about the bush and brushed it off. Therefore, Chen Shou, the editor of "The History of the Three Kingdoms", has more or less concealed or even tampered with the jealousy of Cao Wei in the Western Jin Dynasty.
There is also the author's own subjective tendency. It is hard to say that the information he collected and the words he wrote must be the whole picture of the whole character or the whole event. It is possible to generalize or deliberately omit, discredit, exaggerate and praise people. So it can't all be true.
Generally speaking, things in history books are true or false, some things are either omitted or deliberately ignored, and some things are simply invented when they are compiling history. Reading history books should be detailed, not just official history, and unofficial history is not without its merits. For example, because of Emperor Wen Jian, the history of the Ming Dynasty clearly tells you that he is dead. Therefore, now more and more historians think that he is not dead. This is just one of many historical mysteries. While reading history, it is also a useful supplement to read more works through the ages.
Question 9: Is The Romance of the Three Kingdoms true or false? The main plot of The Romance of The Three Kingdoms is similar to that of The Three Kingdoms, but some stories are fictional, such as the Three Oaths in Taoyuan, Hua Xiong's warm wine fight, the three British wars against Lu Bu, the serial plot, the grass boat borrowing arrows, and the east wind borrowing. Empty city stratagem can be found in Pei Songzhi's note of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and its authenticity is doubtful, which is generally considered untrue. The differences between Romance of the Three Kingdoms and History of the Three Kingdoms are mainly manifested in the descriptions of Liu, Guan and Zhang's early deeds, Zhuge Liang's miraculous description and Zuo Ci's description. The rest of the stories are basically the same as those of the Three Kingdoms.
Question 10: Is everything written in the Three Kingdoms true? There may also be personal and environmental factors at that time. Chen Shou's father used to be a grain delivery officer in Shu Han, but Kong Ming, half of the Northern Expedition, had to retreat because he didn't raise grain in time, and was almost cut by Kong Ming. Later, although he didn't cut it, he scolded him and was dismissed. Chen Shou must be dissatisfied with Kong Mingyou. In addition, when writing the History of the Three Kingdoms, the Three Kingdoms had been returned to Jin. As a minister of Jin Dynasty, Chen Shou naturally wrote the History of the Three Kingdoms with Wei and Jin Dynasties as the orthodox.
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