Problem description:

I hope my friends can give me some advice. Thank you.

Analysis:

Hinduism and Buddhism are both ancient eastern religions, which originated in India, and Buddhism has had a far-reaching influence all over the world.

I. Hinduism

Hinduism is the Brahmanism of India. Before becoming a monk, the Buddha was a believer in Brahmanism and had in-depth study and understanding. However, the Buddha did not accept it completely without any choice. Instead, he put forward many new views on Brahmanism with a critical attitude and through his own personal experience of practicing. For example, Hinduism says there is "I" and Buddhism says there is "no me"; Hinduism says "Brahma" is the body of the universe, and Buddhism says that the ontology of the birth and death of each law is empty; Hinduism strictly distinguishes the class system, while Buddhism advocates the equality of all beings; In the later Hindu sects, asceticism or hedonism appeared, while Buddhism advocated "the middle way" as the practice principle.

In the 6th century BC/KLOC-0, Aryans entered India, which opened the ancient Indian civilization. Just like other primitive tribes' awe and worship of natural mountains and rivers, Aryans must worship, praise and praise all the gods of nature in order to protect their own survival, and make hymns into sacred books and pass them on to each other. In the later period, the gods closely related to people's lives were worshipped the most, and Aryans gradually turned from "polytheism" to "believing in the Lord God".

In order to communicate with God, sacrifice becomes a great event. Priests have supreme authority and can sacrifice for themselves and others and teach holy scriptures. Therefore, in a society with strict class system, priests are regarded as the highest class Brahmins, and they opened up the Brahmin thought with strong theocracy according to the sacred authority of "offering sacrifices to the Almighty".

Brahmanism believes that "Brahma" is the noumenon of the universal phenomenon, the phenomenon of human life is "I", and everything in the universe is born of "I", so "Brahma" is originally different, and mortals do not understand this and have to suffer again and again. Only by proving that Brahma and I are one can they be free. This thought permeated the Indian society at that time, until the sixth century BC, when anti-Brahmanism thinkers appeared. They oppose sacrifice and advocate liberation through meditation, asceticism or pleasure. In view of the flood of ideological trend of practicing bitterness and happiness at that time, the Buddha put forward the concept of the middle way, which is not biased towards bitterness and happiness, as the fundamental principle of practice.

During the period of King Ashoka and King Ganeshiga, Buddhism became the main religion in India, while Brahmanism was in decline. In the 4th century A.D., Brahmanism was strongly supported by Gupta Dynasty and further integrated with Buddhism and other schools of thought, so great changes took place, calling itself "New Brahmanism" in an attempt to restore its old status, which is called "Hinduism" today. Vishnu, Shiva and sexism are the main schools of Hinduism. After the 8th century, Sankara, the main thinker of Hinduism, based on the fundamental teachings of Brahmanism, absorbed the advantages of Jainism and Buddhism, added the elements of Hindu religious practice, and diluted the original complicated theory, so Hinduism became the mainstream of the ideological circle at that time. It was not until * * * invaded India that Buddhism was severely persecuted, but Hinduism still maintained great power in some areas because of its blending with * * *' s thoughts.

In modern times, with the invasion of western colonialism and the introduction of western culture, Hinduism launched a large-scale religious reform, opposing the ignorant caste system, idol worship, complicated religious ceremonies, widow martyrdom and so on in ancient Hinduism. But today, Hinduism is still the most influential religion in India, and most people believe in it. Many folk customs, such as the unequal treatment of their racial classes and the martyrdom of widows, have not been completely abolished.

Second, the Buddha degree

Buddhism originated and spread in the South Asian subcontinent. The founder is Siddhartha Gautama, and Buddhists respectfully call him Sakyamuni, or Buddha for short. The development process can be roughly divided into five historical stages:

Buddhism in the period when Sakyamuni founded Buddhism and his disciples successively preached Buddhism. About the 6th ~ 5th century BC. At first, the Buddha's sermon was passed on by mouth. In order to facilitate memory, it took the form of ode, and later it was compiled into Sanzang, which was composed of classics, laws and theories. Among the classics and collections, modern scholars believe that the earliest classics that truly belong to the teachings and theories of the Buddha are The Collection of Classics, Confucian Classics, and Wu Wen Jing, which also include some commandments. The basic teachings of primitive Buddhism are "four truths", "eight right paths" and "twelve causes", and its core content is to talk about suffering in the real world and the methods to solve it. Secondly, from the original thought, the theories of "impermanence of all laws", "non-ego of all laws" and "Nirvana is silent" are put forward. Later generations summarized the practice of primitive Buddhism into three bodhi points: abstinence, Zen, sadness and joy, four boundless minds, four thoughts, four righteous judgments, four divine feet, five roots, five powers and seven senses. When the Buddha was alive, he opposed the unequal system of Brahmanism's fourth caste. Therefore, all races and untouchables are allowed to join the monk group he founded. In addition, it is also allowed to include male and female believers who have lived at home, called Youposai, Youpoyi, or two people at home.

After the death of Buddha 100 years, Buddhism began to split because of different views on precepts and teachings. Many sects have formed one after another. At first, it was divided into mass department and seat department, which were called root 32 departments. Later, it was divided into 18 and 20 departments from two fundamental parts, which were called branch faction. The main arguments between various Buddhist sects are always summarized as "ten theories" in the Theory of Achievement, that is, is there a second theory? Is everything here? Is there Yin (the subject of reincarnation)? Epiphany or gradual awakening? Did Lohan retreat? Does sleep (worry) correspond to the heart? Is there a root industry that does not ask for returns? Is Buddha a monk? Nobody is waiting for me (soul). Various ministries have different answers to these questions. Sakyamuni believes that the highest realm of Buddhist practice should be Arhat grosvenor, who is in the same position as Buddha fruit. They divide all real existence into color method (material existence form) and mental method. Color methods include "four elements" (earth, water, wind and fire) and created colors (long, short, large, small, square and round) and images of green, yellow, red and white. Seating is later divided into fundamental seating and everything is related. The former spread in the snow-capped mountains, that is, the foothills of the Himalayas, while the latter spread in Kashmir. It is said that all the departments were later divided into four departments, such as the Mavericks Department and the Mavericks Department, and then divided into eleven departments, such as the Chemical Department and the Economic Department. It is said that the basic feature of each department is to attach importance to the discussion of Sanzang Tibetan language, that is, to focus on the elaboration of Buddhist theoretical issues. /kloc-In the 20th century, when the Kameyama Dynasty was ruled by Ganeshiga, it held a large-scale collection and compiled such great works as Giant Buddha and Bodhisattva, Theory of Giving Wisdom and Theory of Six Legs, and advocated that "the Dharma has my own", "the truth of three generations" and "the Dharma body always exists". The Ministry of Econometrics was founded at the end of the 3rd century. At the latest, it said that everything has its own part, and advocated that "the past and the future have no roots, but the present actually exists". The Buddha summed up all laws by implication, place and realm, but did not distinguish between true and false. It is said that everything has its connotation, place and boundary. The Ministry of Economics and Metrology claims that the connotation and place are false and the boundary is real, which means that all external things or subjective and objective forms of existence (connotation) and human cognitive organs and objects (places) are false or nominal reality, which is only sensory material in human cognition, and only the root (boundary) of human cognition is the real existence (reality). The Mass Department believes in transcendental and deified Buddha, especially advocating the theory of "ceaseless mind" and "pure mind". From the Ministry of Buddhism to Mahayana, from the popular Ministry to the middle Sect (empty Sect), from the attendance meeting to the classics department, and then to the yoga Ministry (there are sects).

Mahayana Buddhism during the popular period of Buddhism, Mahayana thought has begun to produce and spread in South India. At that time, the practice of worshipping stupas to place Buddhist relics was popular among Buddhists in China, thus forming the original Mahayana cult-Bodhisattva. These missionary activities are attended by monks and supporters at home. In order to practice and preach, some of them edited the classics that expounded Mahayana's thought and practice. At first, it was a Prajna classic. Later, there appeared the wonderful methods of Lotus Sutra, Vimalakīrti Sutra, Huayan Sutra and Infinite Life Sutra. These classics expound the thoughts of emptiness, the middle way, reality, six degrees, Bodhisattva Road, multi-Buddha, three points, and single-minded purity. On the basis of the above classical ideas, Mahayana Buddhism gradually formed two main schools-the Chinese school and the Yoga school. The middle school began to take shape in the 2nd century, and its founder was Dragon Tree. When it was spread to Buddhapālita and Qing Dynasty by Tipo and Lolo badra, it was divided into self-sustaining school and Yingcheng school due to different interpretations of middle school theory. The middle school developed the thought in Prajna Sutra, and thought that the highest realm of practice was emptiness, which was an "indescribable existence". All phenomena in the world are a kind of relative dependence (karma) and a borrowed essence or name (pseudonym). It has no entity (no self). For true Buddhists, we should realize the "true meaning" of the above emptiness, but for ordinary people who are covered by ignorance, we should still guide them to the "vulgar truth", that is, to admit the relative existence of the world. Yoga school rose in the 4th ~ 5th century, and was named after its emphasis on yoga practice methods and its generalization of all Buddhist teachings. The theoretical founders of this school are Zuo Wu and Qin Shi, and their main classic works include The Secret Classic, On Dish by Jia, On Only Knowing Twenty and On Cheng Weizhi. There are two successors of relatives in the world: Dehui and Anhui, who play the theory of pro-victory later than pro-victory, are called non-faction; Another successor of the world's relatives is Dignā ga, who is the pioneer of the later yoga school. Dignā ga's successor is the protector and dharma name. The Dharma Protector developed the epistemology of Shi Qin and Dignā ga, and the Dharma Name developed Dignā ga's "Yin Ming" theory. Yoga believes that all phenomena that people know are realized through the cognitive subject, that is, "knowledge", and puts forward that "all laws are only knowledge" and "three realms of idealism". They divide knowledge into three kinds of eight senses, and regard the eight senses, namely Aryan knowledge (tacit knowledge), as the root of the phenomenon world (current) (seeds give birth to the current), so it is called "known". They also divided all existing phenomena into "five hundred laws". In addition, the theory of five castes is expounded, and it is believed that there is a kind of "caste-free" person who can't become a Buddha after all.

From the 6th century to the 7th century, Hinduism gradually gained a dominant position in the social and cultural life at that time. It can be seen from Xuanzang's account that the worship of Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma was extremely popular at that time. During the 8th-9th century, Sankara innovated Vedanta, which greatly developed Hinduism in theory and was unprecedented in popularity. Under the influence of this social trend of thought, Buddhism began to absorb Hindus and folk believers and gradually became dense, and Vajrayana and Easy Ride appeared in South India, Deccan Plateau and East India. In the previous period, Zoroastrianism and Yoga gradually merged, and the world outlook as esoteric religion continued to exist. Its main classics are Sun Sutra, Diamond Sutra, Secret Sutra, Diamond Sutra, Le Sheng Jing Lun and Time Jing Lun. It is characterized by highly organized spells, altars, rituals and various gods. The ceremony is extremely complicated, and there are strict regulations on altar setting, sacrifice, mantra chanting and empathy. They advocate the cultivation of "three secrets", that is, hand-binding seal (body secret), reciting truth (language secret) and observing mind (meaning secret). Three secrets correspond, that is, becoming a Buddha. After the 8th-9th century, due to the prosperity of Hinduism, Buddhist monks declined gradually, and internal factional disputes continued, thus declining gradually. Later, due to the large-scale spread of * * * religion, important monasteries were destroyed and monks scattered. By the beginning of 13 century, they were finally destroyed and tended to be extinct.

/kloc-at the end of 0/9, Buddhism, which had been silent for about 700 years in India, saw a revival movement. 189 1 year, David Hewawitarne, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) initiated the Indian Mahabodhi Society, and many Buddhist resorts were restored to their original appearance and some monasteries were rebuilt. After India's independence from 65438 to 0947, new progress was made in Buddhist activities. Some research institutions have been established in Nalanda, Pune, Benares and other places, and Buddhist departments or Pali departments have been established in many famous universities; Published a large number of books and periodicals. 1956, India * * * held a large-scale international commemoration of Sakyamuni's Nirvana in 2500. In June 5438+10, the first Indian Minister of Justice and the drafter of the Constitution, Ambedogar organized a conversion movement of 500,000 Park Jung Su people in Nagpur, and millions of Park Jung Su people successively converted from Hinduism to Buddhism. 1957, Indian Buddhists organized a Buddhist political party-* * * and the Party. Later, some of them were dissatisfied with * * * and the party's political line and formed another political party. The party has a certain influence in Mumbai and Maharashtra. In recent years, Indian Buddhist organizations (Mahabodhi Society, Buddhist Theosophy Society, St. Maitreya Church, etc. ) It has established many branches abroad, carried out extensive international activities, and often held international Buddhist academic seminars and symposiums. According to the statistics of 1980, there are 5.554 million Buddhists in India, accounting for 0.8% of the total population. Although the number of Buddhists in India is small, they are quite influential in Indian ideological and cultural circles. (Gong Jing is in public)