(1) Answer 1: Candidates think of the result of Columbus's maiden voyage as an isolated event.

Opinion: it is accidental.

Reason: Columbus sailed to the East (or India or China), but finally arrived in America.

Answer 2: Candidates can think about Columbus's voyage in the historical background at that time.

Viewpoint: Inevitable.

Reason: At that time, the historical conditions for "discovering" America were already in place. Specific points: the development of commodity economy; Gold rush; Land commercial roads are blocked; Spreading Catholicism; There are scientific and technological conditions.

Answer 3: Candidates can combine accidental factors and inevitable factors to consider the problem comprehensively.

Viewpoint: There are both contingency and inevitability.

Cause: accidental cause. See answer one.

See answer 2 for the reason of inevitability.

(3 points for opinions and 5 points for reasons. Choose one of the above three answers and it will make sense. )

(2) Europe as the center (or "European position"). (3 points)

(If you answer from the perspective of "Europe is active, superior and advanced, and the United States is passive and backward", you can also score. )

Look at all civilizations from a global perspective; Respect all civilizations and treat each other as equals. (4 points)

(If you have different answers, you can add points as appropriate. )

(3) (10)

Scoring standard:

Examples of writing ideas: Columbus opened up a new air route, broke the isolation between the eastern and western hemispheres, promoted exchanges between regions of the world, and the world market began to take shape. However, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China did not conform to the trend of world historical development, and gradually closed its doors to the outside world, thus losing the historical opportunity for development.

This topic mainly investigates the development and influence of the new route. The question (1) is a controversial topic. First of all, we should clearly express our views, which can be obtained from the topic "contingency and inevitability" Then explain the reason, contingency mainly comes from the American continent, which is its accidental discovery, not subjective intention; The inevitability is mainly considered from the background of his discovery of the new continent, that is, the opening of new routes. In question (2), the first question is from the perspective of Europeans. The second question mainly emphasizes two civilizations or two continents, which is reasonable from the perspective of equality and globalization. Question (3) is a short essay writing question, but pay attention to the key words given in the question, which have limited the scope. The key to this problem is to rearrange these four keywords, such as Columbus-world market, which can be understood from the impact of the opening of new routes on the world market. Another group of China in Ming and Qing Dynasties-historical opportunity, we should pay attention to the comparison with the west represented by Columbus, and contact China's foreign policy of closing the country at that time, and we can draw the consequences.