1. Background: Western European countries colonized and plundered primitive accumulation of capital by killing, plundering and selling slaves.
2. Major events: ① American War of Independence from1775 to 1783; ②1791~1804 Haitian revolution (Toussaint L'Ouverture); (3)1815 ~1826 Spanish War of Independence for Latin America (Bolivarian liberated Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador today; San Martin retired after liberating the capitals of Argentina, Chile and Peru); (4) Portuguese Brazil is independent.
3. Nature: Against colonial rule, the American War of Independence also had the nature of bourgeois revolution. 4. Features: It happened in the earliest colonial areas in the form of the War of Independence, and the movement was influenced by the European Enlightenment.
(2) The anti-colonial and anti-feudal struggle represented by the Asian Revolutionary Storm (1mid-9th century)
1. background: the industrial revolution further strengthened the strength of western countries, and the colonial expansion intensified. The main form of colonial aggression is commodity export. Colonists began to collude with feudal forces in various countries. Under the oppression of colonial forces, ethnic conflicts in Asian countries have intensified.
2. Nature: It has the dual nature of anti-colonialism and anti-feudalism.
3. Five uprisings: the Java people's anti-Dutch uprising; Afghan people's anti-British uprising; Babu uprising in Iran; China Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement; India's national anti-British uprising.
4. Significance: It dealt a heavy blow to western colonialists and local feudal forces, and expressed the determination and courage of the people to reform the status quo without fear of violence.
5. Features: led by farmers or feudal princes, mostly religious.
(c) The upsurge of national liberation movements in Asia, Africa and Latin America (65,438+late 2009 and early 20th century)
1. The awakening of Asia
(1) Background: 19 At the end of the 20th century, due to the intensification of imperialist aggression, the national crisis in Asian countries deepened, and the Asian people set off a new upsurge of anti-imperialism and feudalism.
(2) Major event: Korean people's anti-Japanese struggle; The Boxer Movement in China and the Revolution of 1911: the bourgeois revolution in Iran and Turkey; Indian national liberation movement.
(3) Nature: anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle and national liberation movement.
(4) Features: the rise of national capitalism; The bourgeoisie and the proletariat have formed or are forming; The national democratic consciousness of the bourgeoisie arises from this. The struggle of the Asian people includes not only the struggle of the lower classes against imperialism and feudalism, but also the bourgeois reform movement with enlightened landlords and bourgeois intellectuals as the core, which has played an important role in arousing the national democratic consciousness of the people in Asian countries.
2. African people's anti-imperialist struggle
(1) Background: The partition of Africa by imperialism led to the sharp contradiction between colonial people and imperialism.
(2) Forms of struggle: armed struggle and armed uprising.
(3) Outstanding events: Egyptian people's anti-British struggle, Sultan Mahdi's anti-British uprising (Mahdi led a "holy war" which lasted nearly 20 years), and Ethiopian people's anti-Italian struggle (1895 led by King Sahle Miriam, forcing Italy to sign a peace treaty, 1896 recognized Ethiopia's independence).
3. Latin American National Democratic Movement
(1) background: ① after independence, the original large real estate in the economy has been expanded; Dictatorship is ubiquitous in politics. (2) Countries such as Britain and the United States stepped up economic and military aggression, which led to economic stagnation in Latin America. Anti-imperialism and feudalism are still the main tasks of Latin American people.
(2) Mexican democratic revolution: ① A revolution broke out in1910, overthrowing Diaz's rule. (2) Later, it overthrew the counter-revolutionary regime supported by the U.S. imperialists and defeated the enemies at home and abroad. (3)1917 years formulated a new constitution, which is a bourgeois democratic constitution. (4) This revolution has dealt a blow not only to the domestic feudal forces, but also to the aggressive arrogance of the American imperialists.
(d) The national liberation movement rose again after World War I (19 19 ~ 1923).
1. Background: (1) During World War I, the powers temporarily relaxed their control over colonies and semi-colonies. National capitalism in some Asian and African countries has developed greatly; The strength of the national bourgeoisie and the proletariat has increased. (2) Under the influence of Russian October Revolution, China and other countries established proletarian political parties; Bourgeois nationalist parties or organizations have been established and developed in India, Turkey, Egypt and other countries. (3) After World War I, the victorious countries re-divided their colonies, and the contradiction between the colonial and semi-colonial people and imperialism was sharp.
2. Features: National movements present various types and different development paths.
3. Outstanding events: May 4th Movement in China, March 1st Movement in North Korea, Non-violent Non-cooperation Movement in India, Kemal bourgeois revolution in Turkey and Waffle Movement in Egypt.
(5) The struggle of Asian and African people against fascist aggression (1930s and 1940s)
1. Background: Germany, Italy and Japan established a fascist dictatorship, launched a local war, and gradually pushed the world to war; Some big countries practice connivance, appeasement and neutral self-protection policies; The Seventh Congress of the Communist International put forward anti-fascist policies and strategies.
2. Major events: the anti-Japanese struggle between China and the Korean people; Ethiopia's struggle against Italian national liberation; The Spanish Civil War is a typical example of the people's anti-fascist struggle in the 1930s.
3. Features: (1) 193 1 War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China, was a national liberation war in which the people of China developed from local resistance to national unity. It is the earliest anti-fascist war in the modern history of the world and an important part of the international anti-fascist war. (2) Ethiopia 1935 ~ 1836 Anti-Italian National Liberation War is the earliest anti-fascist war in Africa. It is not afraid of violence and adheres to the spirit of resisting the enemy, which has given valuable enlightenment to people all over the world. (3) Spain's local war from 1936 to 1939. It is a national revolutionary war that evolved from the Spanish civil war to the people's anti-fascist war. It curbed the aggression of German and Italian fascists and supported the anti-fascist struggle of people all over the world.
4. Results: In the local wars in 1930s, the people of the three countries attacked the international fascist aggression, but to a great extent, they were at the disadvantage of being isolated and helpless. Due to the connivance, appeasement and neutral self-protection of some big countries, the international community failed to form a unified anti-fascist force to curb the fascist countries' attempts to launch a world war.
(VI) National liberation movement after World War II
1. National independence movements in Asian and African countries in the early postwar period
(1) Background: World War II weakened the imperialist forces and provided a favorable opportunity for the national liberation movement in the early post-war period.
(2) Major events: Indonesian independence, partition of india independence, Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco and Libya independence; Egypt's struggle to recover the sovereignty of Suez Canal and Algeria's national liberation war; The first Asian-African conference was held.
2. The collapse of the colonial system
(1) From the mid-1950s to the late 1960s, 32 countries were born on the African continent. Among them, 17 countries achieved independence in 1960, so this year is called "African independence year".
(2) 1970s: During the independence of Portuguese African colonies, 1975 people in Mozambique, Angola and other countries won their independence, ending Portugal's 500-year colonial rule in Africa.
(3) From 1980s to early 1990s: ① The period of the collapse of African imperialist colonial system was marked by the independence of Zimbabwe and Namibia. (2) In the early 1990s, nelson mandela, chairman of the African National Congress, became the first black president in South African history in the first national election in which all races participated. South Africa, which got rid of apartheid, turned a new page in history.
(4) The Cuban Revolution ended the American colonial rule over Cuba for more than half a century; 1977, Pakistan and the United States signed a new Panama Canal Covenant. According to the new treaty, by the end of 1999, the sovereignty and jurisdiction of the Canal Zone will all be returned to Panama.
3. The rise of the Third World
(1) symbol of the rise: With the impetus of Yugoslavia, India, Egypt, Tito, Nehru and Nasser, the first summit of heads of state and government of the Non-Aligned Movement was held in 196 1, and the Non-Aligned Movement was formally born. It marks the rise of the Third World and its entry into the international political arena as an independent political force.
(2) The role of the third world in international affairs: ▲ Changes in the United Nations: ① With more and more third world countries joining the United Nations, the United Nations is no longer a place where one or two superpowers can do whatever they want. ② 197 1 Thanks to the efforts of the Third World, China's legitimate seat in the United Nations was restored. ▲ Struggle for establishing a new international economic order: the establishment of the "Group of 77"; The establishment of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
(3) The significance of the rise of the Third World: It changed the face of the world to a certain extent, and the rise of the Third World strongly impacted the bipolar pattern in post-war international relations.
Form a consensus
(a) Overview of development
1. development stage: rise (American War of Independence and Latin American Revolution) → development (Asian revolutionary storm → Asian-African-Latin American national democratic movement → development of Asian-African independence movement after World War II) → special stage (anti-fascist national liberation movement in 1930s and 40s) → victory (national liberation struggle after World War II).
2. Regional change: America → Asia → Asia, Africa and Latin America.
3. Nature change: the war of independence against colonial aggression → the national democratic revolutionary movement against colonialism and feudalism → the bourgeois national democratic revolution.
The development of the national liberation movement
The American Revolution and the Latin American Revolution ranged from 1. 17 to 19.
During this period, the national independence movement against colonial rule was represented by the American War of Independence and the Latin American Revolution of Independence. Among them, the people of North America won the victory through struggle and embarked on the road of independent development of capitalism. The independence movement in Latin America completely broke the feudal colonial rule of Spain and Portugal for three centuries, established a series of emerging countries, and basically laid the national pattern in Latin America today; It attacked the feudal decadent forces in western Portugal and cooperated with the bourgeois revolution in Europe. Latin American independence movement basically belongs to the category of bourgeois revolution. However, due to the weak capitalist factors, Latin American countries formed a weak bourgeoisie, and the semi-feudal big real estate system was deeply rooted. Therefore, the leadership of the independence movement is mainly in the hands of the white upper-class landlords who are born and raised, and the emerging bourgeoisie only participated in the struggle as a general motive force. After the revolution of independence, political power was generally transferred from the European colonial aristocrats to the local white upper-class landlords and planters, and the revolution never touched the social foundation of the old colonies-the big property system. Therefore, for a long time after independence, the development of capitalism in various countries was still seriously bound and hindered by backward feudal relations; Economically, it got rid of the shackles of Portuguese and western colonialism, but in Europe and North America it fell into a subordinate and dependent position on colonialism, so the result of the revolution did not strengthen the development of capitalism. In this sense, the Latin American revolution of independence did not accomplish the task of bourgeois-democratic revolution.
2.65438+Asian revolutionary storm from the early 9th century to the early 1970s.
/kloc-In the first half of the 0/9th century, many countries in Asia became colonies of European powers, such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore and India. Other regions, such as Turkey, Iran and China, were invaded one after another and gradually became semi-colonies. With the rapid development of the industrial revolution, in order to meet the urgent needs of the industrial bourgeoisie for overseas markets and raw materials, capitalist powers have further stepped up their aggression against colonies and semi-colonies, which has intensified the contradiction between suzerain and colonies and semi-colonies. /kloc-In the first half of the 9th century, anti-colonial and anti-feudal national liberation movements were launched in Asia, including five major uprisings: the Javanese Uprising against Dutch colonists, the Afghan Uprising against British invading troops, the Iranian Babu Uprising, the China Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising and the Indian National Uprising. The last three uprisings pushed the Asian revolutionary storm to a climax. Among them, the Indian national uprisings from 1857 to 1859 were led by feudal princes, with Indian soldiers as the main force and the broad masses of the people actively participating. Generally speaking, most of these national uprisings ended in failure. Although the reasons for the failure of uprisings in different countries are different, the fundamental reason is that these uprisings are old-fashioned national liberation movements, that is, most of them are led by the peasant class or the feudal landlord class. They are not representatives of advanced productive forces, have no advanced ideological guidance, cannot put forward scientific ideas for transforming society, and have no goal of developing their own national capitalism and transforming society. Although some uprisings were large in scale, long in time and wide in scope, which dealt a heavy blow to colonialism, it was difficult to win after all under the joint suppression of foreign capitalism and feudal forces of various countries.
3. 19 National Democratic Movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America at the end of the 20th century
19 At the end of the 20th century, with the deepening of the second industrial revolution, the capitalist productive forces developed further, and major capitalist countries entered the imperialist stage one after another. In order to expand the commodity market and plunder the output of raw materials and capital, the monopoly bourgeoisie set off a frenzy of dividing up the world, and Asia, Africa and Latin America were further involved in the capitalist world system. In the process of aggression and expansion, the powers strengthened their collusion with feudal forces in other countries, further deepening the suffering of the people. The contradiction between imperialism and oppressed nations, and the contradiction between feudal forces and the masses of the people is unprecedented and sharp, which has caused the further upsurge of the national liberation movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America. At the same time, during this period, national capitalism in Asian, African and Latin American countries appeared and developed one after another, and the national bourgeoisie formed and grew. Therefore, as a whole, the national liberation movement has got rid of the old model of the national liberation movement and presented new features of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal national democratic movement. However, due to the imbalance of social development levels in different regions and countries, the new economic factors stimulated by foreign capital are strong and weak, and the class structure changes greatly, so the ethnic struggles in different regions and countries have different levels and forms, showing historical diversity. In Asia, it is a new national liberation movement, and its mainstream is the bourgeois national democratic revolution, which Lenin called "the awakening of Asia". At the same time, there are old-fashioned anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggles in a secondary position, such as the Sino-Japanese War, the militia movement in North Korea and the Boxer Movement in China. The main features of the Asian awakening include: ① the emergence of bourgeois revolutionary parties leading the movement, such as the Indian National Congress Party and the China League; ② Mainly the bourgeois national democratic revolution; (3) The emerging national bourgeoisie has established its own revolutionary groups and political parties, put forward its own struggle program, and led and United all walks of life in a more conscious, clear and organized struggle; (4) The oppressed nationalities unite and support each other in the struggle for independence. However, due to the duality of the national bourgeoisie, the revolution failed without exception. In Africa, due to the division of Africa by imperialism, the contradiction between colonial people and imperialism is very prominent. During this period, armed struggle and armed uprising were the main forms of anti-colonial struggle of African people. Egyptian anti-British struggle, Sultan Mahdi Uprising and ethiopian war of resistance against italy are all outstanding events. In Latin America, after independence, countries generally established republics, but in fact the big bourgeoisie came to power. After they took power, they not only retained the original large real estate system, but also expanded it. The existence of large real estate system, political dictatorship and economic or military aggression of capitalist countries such as Britain and the United States have all led to the stagnation of economic development in Latin American countries. Therefore, anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism is still an arduous task facing the Latin American people. 1910 ~1917 The Mexican bourgeois revolution was a prominent event in the anti-imperialist struggle of Latin American people in this period.
4. A new era of Asian-African national liberation movement after World War I..
19 17 After the October Revolution, the national liberation movement entered a new historical period. The October Revolution linked the western proletariat and the oppressed nations in the East into a revolutionary united front against imperialism. Since then, the colonial and semi-colonial national democratic revolution is no longer a part of the old bourgeois world revolution, but a part of the new proletarian socialist revolution. After the October Revolution, the national liberation movement reached its climax. In this climax, apart from the new-democratic revolution led by China, the Kemal bourgeois revolution in Turkey, the "March 1" anti-Japanese movement in North Korea, the non-violent non-cooperation movement in India and the "Waffle" movement in Egypt were outstanding events in the national liberation movement after World War I. 1924, capitalism entered a relatively stable period, the western workers' movement turned into a low tide, while the eastern national liberation movement continued to develop. 1929 The world economic crisis broke out. In the 1930s, the national liberation movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America reached a new climax, with the nature of anti-fascist aggression. The Japanese people first raised the banner of anti-fascist aggression in the East, the Korean people launched an armed struggle against China, and Ethiopia launched the first national war against fascist aggression in Africa. These national liberation movements after the October Revolution have some new features. First of all, it has the characteristics of sustainable development. As mentioned earlier, from 19 18 to 1939, the national liberation movement never stopped and continued to rise. Secondly, diversity, which is first manifested in leadership. The national liberation movements in most countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America are led by the national bourgeoisie, but the national liberation movements in China, Korea and Viet Nam have embarked on the road of proletarian leadership, which is unprecedented in the modern history of the world. In addition, there are some transitional forms, such as the national liberation movements of some African countries led by petty bourgeoisie or bourgeois intellectuals. In some countries, such as Ethiopia, the national liberation movement is led by patriotic feudal princes. The form and content of the national liberation movement also showed diversity. In early modern times, spontaneous uprising and bourgeois reform movement were its main forms and contents. After the October Revolution, the national liberation movement developed into a bourgeois national democratic revolution in many countries and took the form of armed struggle. In some countries, it is manifested in bourgeois mass movements, workers' strikes, farmers' resistance to donations, students' strikes and soldiers' uprisings, and a few countries have developed into thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal national democratic revolutions. The outcome of the National Games is also diverse. Modern national liberation movements all ended in failure. After the October Revolution, the national liberation movement began to move from failure to victory, and a series of national independent countries were established one after another. Although some countries have not completely got rid of imperialist slavery and exploitation, they have achieved national independence to some extent. The diversity of the national liberation movement is unified in the same goal of opposing imperialist colonial rule, forming the basic historical process of the national liberation movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
5. The rise and development of the national independence movement after World War II.
1945 The victory of the anti-fascist World War II opened up a broader possibility and a more realistic road for the liberation of the colonial and semi-colonial people. After the war, the revolutionary bonfire with the national democratic revolution as the main content burned all over Asia, Africa and Latin America. The national liberation movement after World War II experienced three stages. 1945 to the mid-1950s was the first stage. The climax of the national liberation movement in this period was in Asia and North Africa. Among them, the most outstanding achievements are the victory of the people's revolution in China and the victory of the Korean people's war against the United States and defending the country, followed by Indian independence and the establishment of the Egyptian Republic. The second stage is from the mid-1950s to the late 1960s. National liberation movements spread widely in Africa and Latin America. During this period, 32 newly independent countries were born on the African continent, of which 17 countries achieved independence in 1960. Therefore, this year is called "African Independence Year". In Latin America, in 1959, Cuba held an uprising under the leadership of Castro, overthrew the dictatorship supported by American imperialists, and later became a socialist country in 196 1. The Panamanian people began the struggle to recover the sovereignty of the canal. 1At the end of 1999, the Panamanian people recovered all the sovereignty and jurisdiction of the Canal Zone. During this period, the Asian-African Conference held in 1955 marked that the anti-imperialist and anti-colonial struggles in Asia, Africa and Latin America were more consciously United, and emerging countries began to become independent political forces, entered the international political arena, and gradually formed a third world force. 196 1 the first summit of heads of state or government of non-aligned countries formally established the non-aligned movement. This is another important symbol of the rise and development of the third world. From the 1970s, it was the third stage of the national liberation movement after the war. At this stage, the vast majority of Asian, African and Latin American countries won national independence and the imperialist colonial system completely collapsed. The third world is playing an increasingly important role in international affairs. This is prominently reflected in the changes in the United Nations and the struggle of third world countries to establish a new international economic order. 197 1 year, with the joint efforts of third world countries, People's Republic of China (PRC)'s legitimate seat in the United Nations was restored. The establishment of the "Group of 77" and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries marked the beginning of the struggle of the Third World to establish a new international economic order.
The rise of the third world
1. The Third World: refers to the sum of developing countries in Asia (except Japan), Africa, Latin America and other regions that were originally imperialist colonies and semi-colonies, and then fought for national independence. This concept began in the 1950s and was recognized by the international community in the 1960s and 1980s. Because most third world countries are located south of the equator, they are sometimes called "southern countries".
2. The third world has common characteristics: ① It has the same experience in history, all of which were colonized, semi-colonized or vassal countries by imperialism. Having been enslaved and plundered by colonialism and imperialism for a long time, their calls for liberation and development are particularly strong. In order to get rid of colonial rule and strive for the independence and liberation of our country, we have waged a long struggle. (2) Judging from the tasks faced, after gaining political independence and establishing a national independent country, they all face the historical task of eliminating the remnants of colonialism, developing the national economy and consolidating national independence. (3) Economically, most countries are still underdeveloped or underdeveloped at present, which is manifested in the following aspects: the people's lives are very difficult and the per capita annual income is low; Low labor productivity, high population growth rate and heavy burden; Lack of capital and technology in economic development is at a disadvantage in international economic relations. From a diplomatic point of view, they all pursue an independent and non-aligned foreign policy, oppose foreign interference and power politics, advocate the settlement of international disputes through peaceful negotiations, do not advocate resorting to the threat of force, and actively safeguard world peace. They advocate promoting North-South dialogue, developing South-South cooperation and establishing a new international political and economic order. They are the main force against colonialism, imperialism and hegemonism.
3. The rise of the Third World is marked by three symbols, namely Bandung Conference, the rise of the Non-Aligned Movement and the establishment of the Group of 77. The Bandung Conference was held in April 1955. It was the first epoch-making international conference held by Asian and African countries without the participation of western countries after the war. From the beginning of the Asian-African Conference, imperialism used the differences in social systems and ideologies between Asian and African countries to sabotage and obstruct the Conference by all means, but failed. Premier Zhou Enlai, head of the China delegation, put forward the policy of "seeking common ground while reserving differences" in his speech at the conference, which was praised by representatives of various countries and laid the foundation for the success of the conference; With the efforts of most participating countries, the conference foiled the plot of some western countries to split and undermine the conference, eliminated internal differences and adopted the final communique of the Asian-African conference. The convening of the Asian-African Conference is the first important symbol of the rise of the Third World. Because it is the first international conference initiated and organized in the history of Asian and African countries, it marks the awakening and unity of Asian and African people and shows the important role of Asian and African countries in the international political arena. The ten principles of peaceful coexistence and friendly cooperation among countries determined by the Bandung Conference are the extension and development of the five principles of peaceful coexistence, which have far-reaching historical and practical significance for handling the relations between countries. The Non-Aligned Movement rose in the 1960s. 196 1 year, under the impetus of yugoslavia, India, Tito of Egypt, Nehru and Nasser, the first summit of heads of state or government of non-aligned countries was held in belgrade, and the non-aligned movement was formally born. The rise of the Non-Aligned Movement marks the rise of the Third World and its entry into the international political arena as an independent political force. In order to establish a new international economic order, the third world established the international economic organization "Group of 77" in the 1960s, and by the 1980s, its membership had increased to more than 1 10. This organization mainly achieves the goal of establishing a new international economic order through negotiations with developed countries at the United Nations. In order to fight against the old international economic order, some Asian, African and Latin American raw material exporting countries have also jointly established special international economic organizations. From 65438 to 0973, during the Fourth Middle East War, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries used oil as a weapon to impose sanctions on western countries that supported Israel, which triggered the first oil crisis and plunged the western economy into serious chaos. The rise of the Third World has changed the face of the world to a certain extent and strongly impacted the bipolar pattern in post-war international relations.
(D) The evolution of East-West relations and its historical enlightenment
/kloc-Before the 6th century, history was scattered, and the East and the West moved within their respective activities, maintaining a state of isolation. However, with the discovery of new sea routes and the germination of large-scale world markets at the beginning of the16th century, the contacts between all ethnic groups in the world and the exchanges between the East and the West in the Eurasian continent began to become regular. With the development of history and the whole world, the general balance of the economic development level between the East and the West has gradually changed for a long time. Although the economic development of the most developed countries in the East, such as China, Japan and India, has followed the direction of the budding of capitalism, the speed is slow, while the commercial capitalism in western countries has developed by leaps and bounds because of various favorable conditions, especially after the implementation of the mercantilist policy. The end of the equality and interdependence between East and West is just around the corner.
From 16 to18th century, the development of western capitalism was in the period of primitive accumulation of capital. Colonialism was one of the most important means for primitive accumulation of capital in this period. Marx pointed out: "The discovery of gold and silver producing areas in America, the extinction, slavery and burial of indigenous people by mines, the conquest and plunder of East India, and the transformation of Africa into a black commercial hunting ground all mark the dawn of the capitalist production era. These idyllic processes are the main factors of primitive accumulation. " This exposition brilliantly summarizes the contents of colonial aggression against America, Asia and Africa during this period and its contribution to primitive accumulation. It can be seen that the most important feature of western colonial aggression in this period was naked plunder based on the most cruel violent means. During the period of primitive accumulation of capital, colonial aggression did not bring capitalist relations of production into the eastern world. Instead, they often maintain and use the traditional and backward modes of production in the East for their own interests, and even move from the outside to a form that is more backward than the original local mode of production, such as selling black slaves from Africa to America. The direct and indirect consequences of colonial aggression during this period were: opening and strengthening the economic, cultural and ethnic ties between the old and new continents and between Asia and Europe; Contributed to the initial formation of the world market. During this period, in the face of the invasion of western colonialism, the reaction of the eastern world was varied and generally dull. For example, the rulers of China and Japan continue to implement the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, which hinders the germination of capitalism. The highly self-sufficient economies of China and Japan make foreign trade only account for a very small proportion of their economies, and the government completely focuses on domestic economic life; Confucianism has its own system and absolute authority, and refuses to accept any foreign political ideas and new ideas; The highly developed civilization and its achievements since ancient times have made the ruling group unprepared for the coming colonial aggression disaster. The silver trade between Guangzhou and Nagasaki has flowed into the two countries, but the world market has not caused any social structural impact and influence on China and Japan, and the traditional economic form is still intact. All these make them slow and unresponsive to the trend of world capitalism.
During the period of free capitalism, especially after the industrial revolution, a new period of capitalist colonial system began, and the content and form of colonial policy changed greatly. The purpose of colonial aggression in this period was to find the origin of raw materials and commodity markets. "Free trade" became an important means of its colonial aggression. Under the banner of "free trade", they opened up markets everywhere with the heavy artillery of cheap goods, and exploited and plundered the eastern colonies through seemingly equal buying and selling. Of course, the colonists still did not give up using violence. For example, in the19th century, colonists frequently used force to invade China, Japanese, Iranian and Indian, the powerful feudal empires in Asia. During this period, western commodity exports to the East promoted the disintegration of the natural economy in the East, thus creating some objective conditions and possibilities for the development of capitalist relations of production in the East. Facing the invasion of western colonialism, the eastern world made different responses in this period, mainly including two aspects: on the one hand, it resisted colonial aggression, or it resisted feudal rule, such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising in China, the Indian National Uprising, the Iranian Babu Uprising in the middle of19th century and so on. On the other hand, we should learn from the West and carry out modernization reforms, such as the Westernization Movement in China and the Meiji Restoration in Japan.
19 At the end of the 20th century, as capitalism entered the imperialist stage, the motives, methods and colonial policies of imperialist colonial plunder changed greatly compared with previous periods. On the one hand, imperialism has set off activities to carve up colonies and divide "spheres of influence" all over the world; On the other hand, capital export became the main means of imperialist foreign aggression in this period. The imperialist colonial policy promoted the dual trend of colonial and semi-colonial economy. First, the basic purpose of the imperialist colonial policy is to maintain the backward agricultural countries and raw material producing areas in the colonial and semi-colonial areas and prevent the national industries from developing into their own competitors. Therefore, the development of oriental society has always been a deterrent trend. Therefore, the eastern society was in a state of economic stagnation and backwardness before it got rid of imperialist control. Second, the trend of independent development of national capitalist economy. This is the inevitable result of exporting capital to eastern countries. The export of capital by imperialism to the East will inevitably greatly accelerate the development of national capitalism in the East. This dual trend, which is often in antagonistic contradictions, is an objective reflection of the dual role of imperialism in colonies and semi-colonies. 19 At the end of the 20th century, with the rise of national capitalist modern industry, the eastern national bourgeoisie came into being. The working class has grown. In this way, the social class structure and class power distribution in eastern countries have undergone major changes. During this period, in the face of imperialist aggression, the working people of the lower classes in the eastern countries constantly struggled, such as the Boxer Rebellion in China and the Sino-Japanese Peasant War in Korea. However, the results of these lower-class people's uprisings show that simple spontaneous peasant uprisings can no longer meet the needs of the times. The old peasant movement cannot occupy the center of the historical stage in the East. History calls the East.