The feudal society in China was a completely patriarchal society. In China's male-centered feudal society, political power has been firmly controlled by men since ancient times. However, even in the political field firmly controlled by men, some women still have the highest power to kill. In this respect, there are six most representative women, namely Mi Yue, Empress Xuantai of Qin Dynasty, Lv Zhi of Western Han Dynasty, Feng Taihou of Northern Wei Dynasty, Wu Zetian of Tang Dynasty, Xiao Taihou of Liao Dynasty and Cixi of Qing Dynasty. Their active participation in politics has had a very important impact on the development of China's history. Undoubtedly, they are outstanding representatives and historical models of women's participation in politics in China feudal society.
First of all, the first empress dowager in China's history to listen to Korean politics: Mi Yue.
After Qin dynasty. During the Warring States Period, the Empress Dowager Qin, the concubine of Qin Huiwen, and the mother of Qin. At the beginning of Xiang's accession to the throne, Empress Xuan acceded to the throne, becoming the first empress dowager in history. During his reign, Mi Yue attacked Yizhou and destroyed Qin, which was a great disaster in the west, paving the way for Qin Shihuang to unify China.
Mi Yue was not named "Mi Yue". People call her Mi Yue, because its name comes from the residual word "Mi Yue" on the terracotta warriors and horses unearthed in Epang Palace, such as Qin Shihuang, Qin Huiwen, Wen Tao and Wang Feizi "Mi Yue". Mi Yue was the favorite little princess of Chu Weiwang, King of Chu during the Warring States Period. Later, her status declined immediately after her death, and her mother was expelled from the palace by the queen. Mi Yue and his brother Miron experienced disasters and crises again and again. Later, she was forced to become the dowry of her princess and married Qin as a servant. After Mi Fei ascended the throne of the King of Qin, Mi Yue had to become the concubine of the King of Qin, namely Mi Fei. This is also the beginning of Mi Yue's political career.
After Qin Huiwen's death, Qin Wuwang succeeded to the throne. At the right moment, she became the queen mother of Qin. Qin was a soldier at that time and had a special hobby, that is, he liked to compete with others. In 306 BC, people played the Ding-lifting game. A tripod fell off, broke its leg and died soon. Without children, the people of China welcome Yan's son Ji as the King of Qin. He is the king of Qin, honored as the Empress Dowager, and known as Empress Xuan in history. Because Zhao of Qin is young and ruled by the Queen Mother, his uncle is a general. From then on, Qin ushered in his later life.
Mi Yue's life can be described as brilliant. She ruled the government for 4 1 year and was called the "Empress Dowager of Iron Blood". In the history of China, the autocratic power of Empress Dowager Cixi began with her, and the title of Empress Dowager Cixi began to appear on her. At the same time, she also let Qin out of the civil strife and turned the weak Qin country that was not qualified to join the alliance into six countries. Historians speak highly of this "female politician" in the history of Qin State. Ma, a famous historian, once commented on Qin: After becoming a mother, she sacrificed her own color to have sex with Yiqu, the king of Chu, and then tried to kill her, thus destroying Yiqu in one fell swoop, enabling Qin to concentrate on the east and be carefree. Her contribution is no less than that of Zhang Yi and Sima Cuo who captured Bashu.
In the autumn of 265 BC, Mi Yue's life finally came to an end. Legend has it that Mi Yue, the empress dowager of Zhongda Qin Tie Company, died and was buried in Lishan Mountain, which is now Lishan Mountain in Lintong, Shaanxi Province. Xu Antai was the great-grandmother of Qin Shihuang. From Chu Fei to Qin Huang, she ruled six countries and was in charge of the state affairs of Qin for 4 1 year. During this period, she insisted on Shang Yang's political reform, advocated national reunification, let Qin go out of civil strife, turned the weak Qin into a weak country, and left the six countries with no resistance. Although Mi Yue was criticized in her private life, her historical contribution is commendable.
Second, the first recorded queen in China history: Lv Zhi.
Lv Zhi, also known as Lv Hou, or Hou Yi, Lv Hou, etc. The empress of Liu Bang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was honored as the Empress Dowager after her death, and was the first recorded empress in the history of China. At the same time, after Qin Shihuang unified China and implemented the emperor system, Lv Zhi was the first woman in the dynasty and was listed as the record of the emperor's political affairs by Sima Qian. Later, Ban Gu took it as Chinese. She set a precedent for consorts in the Han Dynasty to dominate the world.
Speaking of it, Lv Hou is not a natural female politician. At that time, Lv Zhi was less than 20 years old, just a young girl. After hearing from her father that Liu Bang had a pair of riches and honour, she couldn't help but sneak a look and entered a humble new house. After the wedding night, she became the daughter-in-law of Liu Bang who was 15 years older than her. After I got married, I had children. My daughter's name is Liu Le and my son's name is Liu Ying. Originally, she could be a housewife, but her husband Liu Bang's outrageous behavior in Mangdang Mountain doomed her extraordinary life as a wife.
Because of the snake-cutting uprising in Mangdang Mountain, Liu Bang ascended the throne of the emperor who ruled the world. Before becoming emperor, Lv Zhi did nothing because he was captured by Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu. However, during the eight years when Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, Lv Zhi, the first empress in China's history, took the characteristics of a female politician to the extreme. She helped her husband put down the rebellion and cracked down on separatist forces, which made great contributions to consolidating the unified Liu regime in the Western Han Dynasty. At the same time, Lv Hou also became a female politician with perseverance and courage.
Although Lv Hou was criticized by history because of his love with Liu Bang and his son's marriage, historians of all ages believed that Lv Hou was a very powerful politician. Sima Qian commented on her in Historical Records and Biography of Lv Hou: "Li people have to stay away from the war for filial piety. The monarch and his subjects want to rest and do nothing. Therefore, after Hui Di hangs on the arch, she is the master. If the government cannot leave home, the whole world will be affected. Less punishment, fewer sinners, more poor people, and more food and clothing. " Lv Zhi implemented the policy of "benefiting the people through skills", abolished carrying calligraphy, and ordered to encourage folk collection, donation and restoration of old books. It laid a good foundation for the later Han Dynasty to "govern Xinjiang".
Third, the first female reformer in China history: Feng Taihou.
Two hundred years later, a female politician rose in northern China. She is Feng Taihou of the Northern Wei Dynasty. /kloc-at the age of 0/4, she was chosen as the concubine of Tuoba, Wen Chengdi of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and later became the queen. After Tuoba GUI's death, Feng came to power. After Northern Wei Wendi ascended the throne, Feng was named the Empress Dowager. With the guidance and help of Feng Taihou, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty pushed Taihe reform to a climax. Feng Taihou is undoubtedly the first female reformer in China.
Feng Taihou lived in the darkest and most painful Southern and Northern Dynasties in China's history. In 465 AD, Wen Chengdi, the fourth emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and his son Xian Wendi succeeded to the throne, and he became a Zen master at the age of five. In the past 20 years, Feng Taihou proclaimed himself emperor twice, made a great impact on the world, reformed the country, carried out the sinicization policy, and drastically reformed the government, which not only contributed to the prosperity of the Northern Wei Dynasty; It also promoted the integration of all ethnic groups, not only eliminated the war crisis, but also added new factors and vitality to the Chinese nation, laying a solid foundation for the reunification of Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Feng Taihou is undoubtedly the most outstanding woman and reformer in the history of China. However, gender discrimination caused her injustice and buried her in the dust of history for thousands of years. With the rise of modern feminist movement, there are many works about her, including plays, novels and biographies. Although these works are trying to promote her advantages and her name. However, due to the limited information, they are all articles about the struggle of the imperial court, and rarely involve reform, which makes people feel powerless. However, the reform made her devote her whole life to her great cause. Although the historical records are extremely simple, the establishment of Luban, Tianjun and No.3 Factory is the "Taihe Reform" advocated by historians. Even the word "Wei" is less than 1000, and the taboo words are even rarer, which casts a historical fog on her and allows future generations to comment at will.
Fourthly, the only orthodox female emperor in China history: Wu Zetian.
Wu Zetian is the only orthodox female emperor in the history of China. So when it comes to women's participation in politics, it is inevitable anyway. She is clever, witty, shrewd and original. Nearly 30 years after Tang Gaozong assisted Li Zhi, she ascended the throne herself, claiming to be the "Emperor of the Holy Spirit", changing the Tang Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty and becoming the orthodox female emperor in the feudal history of China. She claimed to be the emperor and moved to Yang Palace after her illness. She has been in power for nearly half a century, inherited the rule of chastity and opened a prosperous new century. Her historical achievements are well-known in history and become a much-told story in the history of China.
When it comes to women, there was no place in the patriarchal society in ancient China, but it happened that women in the palace were always inseparable from the political power. Therefore, the harem battles of past dynasties were all related to political power. Of course, women must participate in politics if they want to hold political power. But if women want to participate in politics, they must first please the emperor. Then, we can achieve the success of the Dragon Bed Revolution, so that we can hold the supreme power without bloodshed.
Wu Zetian, formerly known as Wu, was elected to the palace by Emperor Taizong of Li Shimin. She is called "gifted scholar", "Wu Mei" and "Mei Niang". This is "Mei Niang", beautiful and insidious, which made her invincible in the cruel struggle in the harem, thus becoming the queen of the Sixth Hospital. At that time, Li Shimin was getting older and older, and the beautiful young Wu Zetian began to have an affair with Li Zhi. After Li Shimin's death, Wu Zetian had to be sent to Ganye Temple. Supposedly, the future life can only be an ancient Buddha, but Wu Zetian would never think of a woman living like this. She seized the opportunity for Li Zhi to visit her father in the temple, met Li Zhi, complained in every way, and finally let Li Zhi miss Ganye Temple. Then he returned to Daming Palace step by step and began to have the opportunity to help Li Zhi. Li Zhi was devastated, and Li Zhi became a peerless beauty queen after her death.
Verb China's most famous minority female politician: Xiao Yanyan.
Xiao Taihou is a minority female politician in China. She is famous for her exquisite printing. She is the queen of Yeluxian in Liao country, the daughter of Xiao, the ambassador of northern Liao in Tang Dynasty, and the prime minister of the northern government. She is known as "Tianhou" in history. She is not only a famous female politician in the history of China, but also a famous female strategist. In fact, when it comes to Xiao Taihou, people are no strangers. She is the decisive Xiao Taihou of Yang Jiajiang. However, Xiao Taihou in history is not the dragon described in the novel that led the tiger and the wolf to capture the sixteen counties in the Northern Song Dynasty. On the contrary, she was an honest and kind heroine who made great contributions to the development of Liao Dynasty.
At that time, Liao Jiwei, facing the chaotic situation, wanted to make persistent efforts in his career, but his health was not good since he was a child. Militarily, it depends not only on Fan Han's minister, but also on her empress Xiao Yanyan. Heng four years, Liao died of illness, Liao Shengzong acceded to the throne, and Xiao Yanyan was named the queen mother. At that time, Liao Shengzong was only 12 years old and Xiao Yanyan was only 30 years old. With the help of Liao ministers, the status of Chen Han and Liao Shengzong was consolidated. In the second year, Liao Shengzong led his ministers and named Xiao Yanyan the "Queen Mother".
During his regency, he made great efforts to select Han people, learn from scholars, eliminate the unequal treatment between Fan and Han people, persuade farmers and mulberry people, make modest contributions, revise internal affairs, tighten armaments, establish discipline, make peace from top to bottom, make peace with Song Dynasty, and make use of annual coins to make the Liao Dynasty reach its peak.
Xiao Taihou's military experience is very rich, and the editor of Liao History thinks that the Battle of Khan is the most brilliant page in her military career. During the Song and Liao Wars, Xiao Taihou was able to "personally recruit military vehicles, referring to the people's armed forces" and led hundreds of thousands of troops to attack the city on the battlefield. She is a rare heroine in history. Because of this, Xiao Taihou led the army to kill many people in the Northern Song Dynasty. A few years later, it formed an alliance with Song Zhenzong, which opened a period of peaceful development between Song and Liao Dynasties, which was of great significance in the history of China.
[/s2/] Six. Empress Dowager Cixi who listened to the government's voice for the longest time in China history: Empress Dowager Cixi.
Speaking of Empress Dowager Cixi, although she did not become a queen like Wu Zetian, she was also an uncrowned king like Lv Hou, Feng Taihou and Xiao Taihou. Cixi's life is almost consistent with China's modern history. When Emperor Xianfeng was alive, Cixi often helped the emperor read the memorial, from which she learned many important events of the imperial court. From then on, she showed unusual political ability and judgment, and developed an interest in politics that other women could not understand.
Empress Dowager Cixi, who was born a woman, was fascinated by her beautiful scenery and wind. Therefore, she stands out among many concubines. It recorded the scene of Emperor Xianfeng's infatuation with Cixi when he was young: "When Wenzong just liked Cixi, it was very chaotic. The so-called' spring night is short, the sun rises too early, and the emperor never listens to political affairs', and "Ten Leaves Wild Smell" seems to be like this. " Emperor Xianfeng lingered on and his body gradually weakened. Cixi began to help organize the memorial, and then read the provincial chapter. Gradually, it was her turn to review most of the memorials. At that time, Cixi was not only charming, but also intelligent, so she won the favor of Emperor Xianfeng.
Emperor Xianfeng saw that she was deeply interested in politics. Therefore, in his will, he pointed out that eight ministers, including Su Shun, were in charge, and then two palaces of Empress Dowager Cixi were used to accommodate them. But he doesn't know who will exercise the imperial power, which makes the contradiction between the queen mother and the eight ministers deepen day by day. But Cixi knew that if she wanted to compete with Ci 'an after Empress Dowager Cixi and Su Shun headed by eight ministers, she must find a strong collaborator. She fell in love with Prince Gong, the sixth brother of Emperor Xianfeng. Six sons of Daoguang had extraordinary political ability and good diplomatic ability, but they were excluded from the highest power group because of the jealousy of Emperor Xianfeng.
Emperor Xianfeng died in Jehol, but Yi was not in Jehol, but in Beijing. Cixi had private contacts with Iraq, and obtained the support of foreign envoys through Iraq for the system of "the Empress Dowager of the two palaces listened to politics behind the curtain". In the cold eyes of others, Yi quietly appeared in Jehol, negotiated with Cixi and planned the "Xinyou coup". As a result, she overthrew eight ministers headed by Su Shun and officially began her first hearing.
It turns out that imperial power struggles and uses each other. Therefore, willfulness can easily become a stumbling block for poets. Cixi began to find excuses frequently to suppress Yi, but Yi had to yield to Cixi and was eventually excluded from the supreme power group. The death of the son Tongzhi emperor made Cixi listen to politics for the second time. Cixi chose Emperor Guangxu, who was both her nephew and her nephew, to inherit Datong. Because Emperor Guangxu was still young, Cixi was able to regain the highest imperial power, thus reaching the peak of power in the Qing Dynasty, so that she listened to politics for nearly half a century.
In the evolution of ancient patriarchal society in China, women's strong participation in politics is only a few exceptions, that is, it depends not on the progress of the political system, but on the emergence of high-quality women. However, in the process of changing dynasties in China, the female politicians who occupied the highest power of the dynasty still played a very important role. In the inheritance of patriarchal clan system