Herbert Spencer (65438+April 27th, 0820–190365438+February 8th) was an English philosopher. Known as "the father of social Darwinism", he put forward a set of theories that applied the evolutionary theory of survival of the fittest to sociology, especially to education and class struggle. However, his works have contributed to many disciplines, including norms, metaphysics, religion, politics, rhetoric, biology and psychology. There were many famous philosophers and scientists in Spencer's time, such as john stuart Mill, Thomas Henry Huxley and Charles Darwin.
Theoretically, the English philosopher, the pioneer of evolution, preceded Darwin. It is said that Spencer hates Plato's theory, and his sentence "Even a third-rate novelist will be better than him" is undoubtedly an insult to Plato. This may be because Spencer is a skeptic and Parker is a dialectician who attacks skepticism. In addition, Jack London praised Spencer, and in his masterpiece Martin Eden, Jack London praised Spencer.
On the proper scope of government (1842).
Social statistics (1850)
Social static theory (185 1 year)
Population theory (1852)
Philosophy of style (1852)
Principles of Psychology (1855)
Comprehensive philosophy system (1860)
The first principle, ISBN 0898757959( 1862)
Specification data (1879)
On education (1860 published in America) [1]
Men versus the country (1884)
Autobiography (1904)
1. As far as the shaping of character by education is concerned, compulsory training does not conform to moral laws and is also futile.
The main obstacle to correct education is not children, but parents. It is not that children are insensitive to the influence of coercion, but that parents' virtue is not enough to take advantage of these influences.
Parents exaggerate the distress caused by their children's misconduct and always think that all faults are caused by their children's bad behavior, not their own behavior. But a little fair self-analysis, we can find that the mandatory instructions issued by parents are mainly for their own convenience, not for error correction.
Mind, like body, cannot be absorbed beyond a certain speed. If you give it too much knowledge too soon, it will soon be lost. If these materials can't be combined with the brain, they will slip out of memory after the exam. To make matters worse, this method will make learning more and more boring.
To educate children effectively, educators must make some educational preparations: study hard, be rational, be patient, exercise self-restraint, and give less orders to children.
6. Painful lessons make people hate knowledge, while pleasant lessons make knowledge attractive. Those who gain knowledge through intimidation and punishment may not be able to continue their studies in the future; And those who acquire knowledge in a pleasant way, not only because the knowledge itself is interesting, but also because many successful experiences urge them to educate themselves.
7. Children learn most efficiently when they are happy.
8. We all have love, but love and purposeful education require some patience and skill, sometimes even funny wit or a little unpleasant restraint.
9. The long-standing educational misunderstanding is that education is only regarded as an ascetic life in a serious classroom, while natural education and self-help education, which are more meaningful to children, are neglected.
10. Whether a family quarrels or talks at dinner, praise or reprimand, is a good yardstick, and it can be seen whether a family is alienated or close.
1 1. A healthy body and a happy mood are the best funds for happiness.
12. Education is to prepare for a perfect life. Spencer's theory of social organism is reflected in his Principles of Sociology, Volume 1. He made six analogies between society and biological organisms, and drew three conclusions: ① Society is a system and a close whole composed of interrelated parts. ② This system can only be understood in the sense of its structural operation. (3) If the system is to survive, its needs must be met. These viewpoints initiated the theory of structural function and directly influenced French sociologists. Durkheim and Britain's Radcliffe Brown and Malinowski's Functionalist Sociological Thought.