Battle of Red Cliffs and Battle of Red Cliffs, together with Sun and Liu, were fearless in the face of strong enemies, skillfully attacked with fire, and defeated the strong with the weak, creating a brilliant record, which was a famous war example in the history of China.
After the unification of the north, Cao Cao took advantage of the situation to go south and seized Jingzhou in one fell swoop. At this critical moment, we should have concentrated our efforts on thoroughly pursuing Liu Bei, and then planned Wu Dong. However, he was proud of underestimating his enemy and attacked two enemies at the same time, which led Sun Liu to ally with Cao Cao and put himself at a disadvantage. Jiangnan is a water network area, which is conducive to water warfare, while Cao Jun has been conquering in the north for a long time, not learning water warfare. Although Cao Cao trained some water forces before marching, his fighting capacity was not strong; Although Jingzhou Water Army surrendered in the March, its morale was unstable. In this case, it is obviously a shortcoming to compete with Dongwu, which was founded by the Water Army. As a result, Sun Liu took advantage and failed.
In the battle of Guandu in the third year of Jian 'an (198), Yuan Shao defeated Gongsun Zan and occupied the land of Qing, You, Ji and Sizhou. In the first year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao took Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty to Xuchang, forming a situation of "holding the emperor to make the princes" and gaining political advantages. In the spring of the second year of Jian 'an (197), Yuan Shu proclaimed himself emperor in Shouchun (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province). Cao Cao attacked and destroyed Yuan Shu in the name of "Feng Zhao can't be a minister". Then destroy Lu Bu and use the infighting of the propaganda department to obtain Hanoi County. From then on, Cao Cao's influence reached Guanzhong in the west and Yanzhou, Henan and Xuzhou in the east, controlling most of the areas south of the Yellow River and north of Huai Han, thus forming a confrontation with Yuan Shao in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Yuan Shao's strength at that time far exceeded that of Cao Cao, so he was naturally unwilling to be under Cao Cao. He is determined to fight against Cao Cao. In June of the fourth year of Jian 'an (199), Yuan Shao selected 65,438+10,000 elite soldiers and 10,000 war horses in an attempt to attack Xu Changnan, and the battle of Guandu began. In the first month of the fifth year of Jian 'an (200), Yuan Shao wrote a letter to Cao Xun, and in February, he entered Liyang in an attempt to cross the river and seek a decisive battle with Cao Jun. In October of the same year, Yuan Shao sent a car to transport grain, and Chunyu Qiong led the troops with 10,000 escorts, stationed in the old city (in Yanjin County, Henan Province) and Wu Chao (now southeast of Henan Province) about 20 kilometers north of Yuan Jun Daying. Just then, Yuan Shao's counselor Xu You surrendered to Cao Cao and suggested that Cao Cao take the Wu Dynasty lightly and burn his trench. Cao Cao immediately put it into practice, leaving Cao Hong and Xun You to guard the camp, personally led the troops to ride 5,000, falsely used the banner, tied the horse's mouth with medals, each with a pile of firewood, and attacked Wu's lair in the dark. Upon arrival, they immediately surrounded and set fire to it. Yuan Shao heard that Cao Cao attacked the Wu Dynasty and made a mistake. He only sent an army to save Wu Chao, and then rushed into Cao Jun's camp in Guandu with his main force. I just know that Cao Caoqiang can't attack. When Jun rushed to Wu Chao Chunyu Qiong Barracks, Yuan Shao's reinforcements were approaching. Cao fought to the death, defeated, killed Chunyu Qiong and burned all his food. The news that Wu Chao's grain and grass were burned spread to the front line in Yuan Jun, which shook people's hearts and divided them internally. Cao Jun took advantage of the situation and defeated Yuan Jun .. Yuan Shao returned to Hebei in a panic with 800 riders, and successively annihilated and trapped more than 70,000 Yuan Jun. The battle of Guandu ended in Yuan's defeat.
Taiping rebellion
185 1 year 1 month1day, Hong Xiuquan led an uprising in Jintian Village, Guiping County, Guangxi Province, which was called "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" in history. In March, the Taiping Army moved to Wuxuan Dongxiang, and Hong Xiuquan was officially called the "King of Heaven"; In September, the Taiping Army captured Yongan County. During his stay in Yong 'an, he had a rest and system construction, which initially laid the embryonic form of the political system of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. 1In April of 852, Taiping Army broke through Yong 'an, surrounded Guilin in the north and entered Hunan. Feng Yunshan was killed in the battle of Quanzhou. On the way to Hunan, the Taiping Army issued important proclamations such as "Four Directions for Praying for Hubu", which clarified the purpose of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to "eliminate evil and eliminate China" and called on the masses to respond in succession. Trackers and boatmen on the Xiangjiang River; Porters and porters on the dock; Blacksmiths, vendors and carpenters in towns; As well as coal miners in Chenzhou and Guiyang mountainous areas, took part in the uprising, and the Taiping Army grew rapidly. 1853 65438+ In October, the Taiping Army conquered three towns in Wuhan, and its strength increased to 500,000, which was a great victory. In February, the Taiping Army went hand in hand, along the east of the Yangtze River, and even entered Jiujiang, Anqing, Wuhu and other important towns.
Opium War?
After the "closed door", the Qing Dynasty gradually fell behind the world trend, but in foreign trade, China has always been in a trade surplus position. In order to reverse the trade deficit with China, Britain began to smuggle drugs and opium to China for huge profits.
1838 (18th year of Qing Daoguang) In winter, Daoguang Emperor sent Lin Zexu, governor of Huguang, as an imperial envoy to Guangdong to ban opium. After Lin Zexu came to power, he seized more than 20,000 boxes of opium and destroyed them all at Humen Haikou. It has dealt a blow to the arrogance of British smugglers and also affected the interests of Britain. In order to open the door to the China market, the British government decided to send an expeditionary force to invade China. The British Parliament also passed the war appropriation bill for China. In June, 1840, Major General Antony Blaquez Rand Stransham and Charles Elliot led 47 British ships and 4,000 army personnel to reach the Pearl River Estuary in Guangdong, blocking Haikou, and the Opium War began. Although this war is only a part of the Opium War, it is sometimes called the Opium War. The war has been going on intermittently, during which a series of battles and military actions are irrelevant.
At the beginning of the war, China soldiers and civilians rose up and dealt a heavy blow to the British invaders. However, the decadent feudal system could not resist the British invasion, and the war ended in China's failure and reparations. China's first unequal treaty, treaty of nanking, was signed. China began to cede territory, pay reparations and negotiate tariffs to foreign countries, which seriously endangered China's sovereignty. The Opium War made China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, lost its independent status and promoted the disintegration of the natural economy. At the same time, it also opened a new chapter in the history of modern China people's resistance to foreign aggression.
5.？ The second opium war?
The Second Opium War was a war of aggression against China jointly launched by Britain and France with the support of Russia and the United States. [ 1]? Britain and France used the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in China as an excuse to jointly attack the Qing government's war under the pretext of Yarrow incident and Xilin religious incident, so they were called "Arrow War" by the British. Also known as "British and French Expedition to China" or "Second Sino-British War".
Because this war can be regarded as the continuation of the first opium war, it is also called the "second opium war". After Russia sent troops to participate in the war, it claimed that "mediation was successful" and coerced the Qing government to cede more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers of territory, becoming the biggest winner.
The Second Opium War forced the Qing government to successively sign the Tianjin Treaty, the Beijing Treaty, the Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty and other peace treaties, and the invasion of foreign powers deepened. As a result, China lost more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers of territory in the northeast and northwest. After the war, the Qing government was able to concentrate on suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and maintaining its rule, which was called Tongzhi Zhongxing in Qing history.
6. Burning Yuanmingyuan? After the British and French allied forces captured Beijing in the tenth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1860), they occupied Yuanmingyuan on June 6, 10. China's defenders were outnumbered, and Wenfeng, the chief minister of Yuanmingyuan, committed suicide by throwing himself into Fuhai. Chang Ai, who lived in the garden, was scared to death. Two days after the British and French allied forces looted, they marched into the city. On June 65438+1October1day, the British army sent 1200 cavalry and an infantry regiment to rob Yuanmingyuan again. James Bruce, the British plenipotentiary, took Parkes and others as an excuse to put the burning of Yuanmingyuan on the agenda as a prerequisite. 10 year 10 month 18 day, 3500 British troops rushed into Yuanmingyuan and set fire to it. The fire didn't go out for three days, and the Yuanmingyuan and its nearby Qingyi Garden, Jingming Garden, Jingyi Garden, Changchun Garden and Haidian Town were all burned into ruins. Nearly 300 eunuchs, ladies-in-waiting and craftsmen were buried in the fire of Anyou Palace. Become a rare atrocity in the history of world civilization.
Burning Yuanmingyuan is a common saying. In fact, the real concept of burning Yuanmingyuan is not just burning Yuanmingyuan, but burning the royal three mountains and five gardens in the west of Beijing. The burning area is much larger than that of Yuanmingyuan.
These three mountains and five gardens are: Wanshou Mountain, Yuquan Mountain, Xiangshan Mountain, Qingyi Garden, Yuanmingyuan Garden, Changchun Garden, Jingming Garden and Jingyi Garden.
Invaders burned Yuanmingyuan twice in history. The Yuanmingyuan was burned down for the first time in the tenth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1860), and the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing. The British and French allied forces burned and looted everywhere, savagely plundered and burned the world-famous Yuanmingyuan, and most of the temple buildings in the park were destroyed by fire. The British and French allied forces burned the Yuanmingyuan, aiming to raze it to the ground. However, due to the large area of Yuanmingyuan, scattered scenic spots and vast waters, some remote places and scenic spots in the water survived. According to the winter survey in the 12th year of Tongzhi (1873), there are still 13 buildings in the park. For example, Pengdao Yaotai and Cangzhou Wu in Yuanmingyuan, Dagongmen and Zhengjue Temple in Qichun Garden, etc.
The Yuanmingyuan was burned down for the second time in the 26th year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty (1900). Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing and set fire to Yuanmingyuan again, so that the only remaining 13 royal palace buildings here were looted and burned again.
7. Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China
Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China refers to the war in 1900 (the 26th year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty) when the joint expeditionary forces sent by Britain, France, Germany, the United States, Japan, Russia, Italy and Austria (Austria-Hungary) entered China to suppress the Boxer Rebellion in northern China. Eight-Nation Alliance's actions directly led to the collapse of the Boxer Rebellion and the rout of the Qing army in Beijing and Tianjin, forcing Empress Dowager Cixi to flee to xi 'an, Shaanxi. In the end, the Qing Dynasty signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" with 1 1 countries, among which eight countries sent troops, paid huge reparations and lost a lot of sovereignty. On the occasion of the chaos in North China, the governors of the southeast provinces declared themselves neutral. Since then, the authority of the Qing central government has been low, and the Han power ministers have risen. The war also caused the change of the influence of the great powers in China, and to some extent led to the Russo-Japanese War which broke out for the interests of Northeast China and North Korea.
8. World War I? World War I (1965438+July 2004-1965438+October 2008 10) was at the end of 19438 and the beginning of the 20th century. The capitalist world is in transition to monopoly capitalism, that is, imperialism, and the colonies in Asia, Africa and Latin America are basically divided up by the great powers. The First World War began in August of 19 14 and lasted for four years and three months. The war swept across Europe, Asia and Africa, affecting 34 countries and regions, and the population affected by the war reached 18. The two sides mobilized 889 divisions, totaling more than 74 million people, with more than 8.4 million people killed and 2 1 10,000 injured.
9. World War II
The war of World War II spread to Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania. The war is divided into two major battlefields, namely Europe, North Africa and Asia-Pacific. This is the biggest war in human history after the First World War ..1September 1939 to1September 2, 1945. Axis countries such as Germany, Italy, Japan and fascism are on one side, and servant countries such as Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania are allies. From Europe to Asia, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, there are 6/kloc-0 countries and regions, and more than 2 billion people are involved in the war, with a combat area of 22 million square kilometers. According to a few statistics, more than 70 million soldiers and civilians were killed or injured in the war, and more than 4 trillion dollars were wasted.
World War II ended with the United States, the Soviet Union, China, Britain, France and other anti-fascist countries and the people of the world defeating the fascist aggressors and winning world peace. The Second World War was provoked by the aggression and expansion of Germany, Japan, Italy and fascism. After many local wars, it gradually evolved into a global war.
10. the us-Philippines war?
1899 On February 4th, the United States broke out fighting with the Philippine Republican Army, which quickly escalated into 1899 Manila Campaign.
1On June 2, 899, the first Republic of the Philippines officially declared war on the United States. 1July 4, 902 The war officially ended.
However, members of the Katipnan organization continued to fight the American army. General Makario Sakai, the elder of Katipnan and former President of the Republic of Tarraga, is among them. After President Aquino was arrested, the Republic of Tagala was proclaimed in 1902. Other groups, including Moros and Prahan believers, remained hostile until June, 2003, when 19 15 lost in the Battle of Bade barsac.
The opposition to this war inspired Mark Twain to establish an "anti-imperialist alliance" on June 1898. The war and American occupation changed the cultural landscape of the Philippines, with about 34,000-65,438+0,000,000 casualties. As the state religion, the Catholic Church broke away from the government system (separation of church and state) and introduced English as the main language of the government and some enterprises. 19 16, the United States granted the Philippines autonomy, and promised to eventually establish an autonomous government, which was finally fulfilled in 1934. From 65438 to 0946, after World War II, the United States recognized the independence of the Philippines and adopted the Manila Treaty.