Tolstoy received a typical aristocratic family education from an early age. 1844 was admitted to the Oriental Department of Kazan University, studied Turkish and Arabic, and prepared to be a diplomat. I failed the final exam and transferred to the law department the next year. He didn't concentrate on his studies and was addicted to social life. At the same time, he became interested in philosophy, especially moral philosophy, loved Rousseau's theory and his personality, and widely read literary works. In college, he has noticed the superiority of his classmates from civilian backgrounds. Dropped out of school in April, 1847, and returned to Jasna and Polynesia. This is his mother's dowry industry, which belonged to him when his brother analyzed the property. He spent most of his long life here.
After returning to the manor, he tried to improve the lives of farmers, but he stopped because he could not get the trust of farmers. 1April, 849, I went to Petersburg to take the LLB exam, only took two courses, and suddenly went home. It was in the autumn of 1998 that a school was established for the children of farmers. 1 1 nominally worked in Tula provincial administrative bureau, and the following year 12 was promoted to the 14th grade civil servant, but actually he wandered between relatives and friends and the upper class in Moscow. However, he is getting tired of this kind of life and environment. At the end of April, 185 1 went to the Caucasus with his eldest brother Nikolai, who was in military service, to take part in the battle against the mountain people as a volunteer, and then served in the Caucasus army as a "fourth-class artillery corporal" for two and a half years. Although he performed well, he was promoted to warrant officer only with the support of his relatives. /kloc-0 joined the danube army in March, 854. After the Crimean War began, he voluntarily moved to Sevastopol, served as the artillery company commander in the most dangerous fortress No.4, and participated in the last defensive war in the city. In all kinds of battles, seeing the heroism and excellent quality of officers and men from civilian backgrounds strengthened his sympathy for ordinary people and his critical attitude towards serfdom.
Tolstoy began to write when he was in the Caucasus, and published novels such as Childhood, Teenager and The Story of Sevastopol in Modern People magazine. 1855165438+1October, he came to Petersburg from Sevastopol. As a famous new writer, he was welcomed by Turgenev and Necrasov, and gradually got to know writers and critics such as Goncharov, Fett, ostrovsky, Drujinin, Annenkov and Botequim. Here he is regarded as an eccentric because of his inexperience and bohemian, and his dislike of Homer and Shakespeare surprises everyone. Before long, he got to know Chernyshevski, but he didn't agree with the latter's literary views. At that time, Drew Ning Ji and others advocated the so-called "beautiful art" for art's sake and opposed the so-called "teaching art", which was actually the exposed literature advocated by the revolutionary Democrats. Tolstoy was inclined to the views of Druzinin and others, but he thought that any art could not be divorced from social life. By 1859, he broke up with Modern People magazine.
/kloc-retired with the rank of lieutenant at the end of 0/856. At the beginning of the following year, I went to France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. France's "social freedom" won his admiration, and seeing the guillotine execute the death penalty in Paris made him deeply disgusted. Seeing the selfishness and ruthlessness of the British bourgeois gentleman in Switzerland also aroused his great indignation. However, this trip abroad broadened his literary and artistic horizons and enhanced his sober understanding of the backwardness of Russian society.
Tolstoy's thought is extremely contradictory to the serfdom reform and revolutionary situation at the turn of 1950s and 1960s. As early as 1856, he drafted a plan to liberate farmers by means of labor rent, and tried it in his own manor, but it was not realized because farmers did not accept it. He sympathized with the peasants and hated serfdom, but thought that according to "historical justice", the land should be owned by the landlord, and he was deeply worried about whether the landlord wanted his life or the land. He disagreed with the ideas of liberals, Slavs and even serf-owners die-hards. He also saw the hypocritical nature of the top-down "reform" carried out by the tsar, but he opposed the revolutionary method of eliminating serfdom and fantasized about finding a way himself. Unable to solve the ideological contradiction, he tried to escape from reality in philosophy and art, but he was soon disappointed. 1860, the death of his eldest brother Nicholas deepened his pessimism. From 1859 to 1862, he almost dropped out of school. He founded more than 20 schools for children of farmers in Jasna, Paulia and nearby rural areas, studied the education system in Russia and Western Europe, and visited schools in Germany, France, Italy, Britain and Belgium from 1860 to 1. Later, he founded an educational magazine, Jasna Ya Pogliana. These activities attracted the attention of the czar government. In addition, in the reform of serfdom, as a peace mediator in this county, he often sympathized with the peasants when mediating disputes between landlords and peasants, which also aroused the hostility of aristocratic serf owners. 1862 When he was out in July, his home was searched by military police for two days. Soon, he closed the school. During this period, the shock in his mind and their views on things were accepted by farmers who had frequent contact, which became the opportunity and beginning of his world outlook change. 1828 ~ 19 10) Russian writer. 1828 was born in Jasna Ya Pogliana, Wenxian County, Clapiz City, Tula Province (now Xiaojin District, Tula Province). Tolstoy's family is an aristocratic family, whose lineage can be traced back to16th century. The distant ancestor was knighted from Peter I, and his father Count ilych participated in the 18 12 Great Patriotic War and retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Mother Maria nikolayev is the daughter of Duke Xie Ni Volkonski. Tolstoy lost his mother at the age of one and a half and his father at the age of nine. 184 1 year, after the death of his guardian aunt A.I. Osjian-Saken, he was transferred to the custody of his aunt Pi.I. Yushko who lived in Kazan. So his family moved to Kazan.
Tolstoy received a typical aristocratic family education from an early age. 1844 was admitted to the Oriental Department of Kazan University, studied Turkish and Arabic, and prepared to be a diplomat. I failed the final exam and transferred to the law department the next year. He didn't concentrate on his studies and was addicted to social life. At the same time, he became interested in philosophy, especially moral philosophy, loved Rousseau's theory and his personality, and widely read literary works. In college, he has noticed the superiority of his classmates from civilian backgrounds. Dropped out of school in April, 1847, and returned to Jasna and Polynesia. This is his mother's dowry industry, which belonged to him when his brother analyzed the property. He spent most of his long life here.
After returning to the manor, he tried to improve the lives of farmers, but he stopped because he could not get the trust of farmers. 1April, 849, I went to Petersburg to take the LLB exam, only took two courses, and suddenly went home. It was in the autumn of 1998 that a school was established for the children of farmers. 1 1 nominally worked in Tula provincial administrative bureau, and the following year 12 was promoted to the 14th grade civil servant, but actually he wandered between relatives and friends and the upper class in Moscow. However, he is getting tired of this kind of life and environment. At the end of April, 185 1 went to the Caucasus with his eldest brother Nikolai, who was in military service, to take part in the battle against the mountain people as a volunteer, and then served in the Caucasus army as a "fourth-class artillery corporal" for two and a half years. Although he performed well, he was promoted to warrant officer only with the support of his relatives. /kloc-0 joined the danube army in March, 854. After the Crimean War began, he voluntarily moved to Sevastopol, served as the artillery company commander in the most dangerous fortress No.4, and participated in the last defensive war in the city. In all kinds of battles, seeing the heroism and excellent quality of officers and men from civilian backgrounds strengthened his sympathy for ordinary people and his critical attitude towards serfdom.
Tolstoy began to write when he was in the Caucasus, and published novels such as Childhood, Teenager and The Story of Sevastopol in Modern People magazine. 1855165438+1October, he came to Petersburg from Sevastopol. As a famous new writer, he was welcomed by Turgenev and Necrasov, and gradually got to know writers and critics such as Goncharov, Fett, ostrovsky, Drujinin, Annenkov and Botequim. Here he is regarded as an eccentric because of his inexperience and bohemian, and his dislike of Homer and Shakespeare surprises everyone. Before long, he got to know Chernyshevski, but he didn't agree with the latter's literary views. At that time, Drew Ning Ji and others advocated the so-called "beautiful art" for art's sake and opposed the so-called "teaching art", which was actually the exposed literature advocated by the revolutionary Democrats. Tolstoy was inclined to the views of Druzinin and others, but he thought that any art could not be divorced from social life. By 1859, he broke up with Modern People magazine.
/kloc-retired with the rank of lieutenant at the end of 0/856. At the beginning of the following year, I went to France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. France's "social freedom" won his admiration, and seeing the guillotine execute the death penalty in Paris made him deeply disgusted. Seeing the selfishness and ruthlessness of the British bourgeois gentleman in Switzerland also aroused his great indignation. However, this trip abroad broadened his literary and artistic horizons and enhanced his sober understanding of the backwardness of Russian society.
Tolstoy's thought is extremely contradictory to the serfdom reform and revolutionary situation at the turn of 1950s and 1960s. As early as 1856, he drafted a plan to liberate farmers by means of labor rent, and tried it in his own manor, but it was not realized because farmers did not accept it. He sympathized with the peasants and hated serfdom, but thought that according to "historical justice", the land should be owned by the landlord, and he was deeply worried about whether the landlord wanted his life or the land. He disagreed with the ideas of liberals, Slavs and even serf-owners die-hards. He also saw the hypocritical nature of the top-down "reform" carried out by the tsar, but he opposed the revolutionary method of eliminating serfdom and fantasized about finding a way himself. Unable to solve the ideological contradiction, he tried to escape from reality in philosophy and art, but he was soon disappointed. 1860, the death of his eldest brother Nicholas deepened his pessimism. From 1859 to 1862, he almost dropped out of school. He founded more than 20 schools for children of farmers in Jasna, Paulia and nearby rural areas, studied the education system in Russia and Western Europe, and visited schools in Germany, France, Italy, Britain and Belgium from 1860 to 1. Later, he founded an educational magazine, Jasna Ya Pogliana. These activities attracted the attention of the czar government. In addition, in the reform of serfdom, as a peace mediator in this county, he often sympathized with the peasants when mediating disputes between landlords and peasants, which also aroused the hostility of aristocratic serf owners. 1862 When he was out in July, his home was searched by military police for two days. Soon, he closed the school. During this period, the shock in his mind and their views on things were accepted by farmers who had frequent contact, which became the opportunity and beginning of his world outlook change. Revive lev tolstoy's works.
& lt& lt war and peace >> lev tolstoy's works.
The works of Anna karenin and lev tolstoy.
The works of young lev tolstoy.
Selected works of lev tolstoy
War and Peace in lev tolstoy's Novels
Anna karenin in lev tolstoy's Novels
The Resurrection of lev tolstoy's Novels
Katyusha Maslova, the hero of the novel, was originally the adopted daughter of a noble landlord. She was seduced by her master's nephew, the noble young Duke Nekhludoff, and then abandoned. As a result, she fell into a miserable life. She was driven away by her master because she was pregnant, and she wandered around and worked as a prostitute for eight years. Later, she was framed for murder for money and was arrested and imprisoned. Ten years later, Nekhludoff appeared as a juror in Maslova's case. He recognized that the defendant was Maslova who was abandoned by him ten years ago, and he was condemned by his conscience. In order to atone for his soul, he ran around to reduce her sentence. When all efforts failed, Maslova was escorted to Siberia, and Nekhludoff went with her. On the way, there came a notice that the emperor reduced Maslova's sentence, and forced labor was changed to exile. At this time, although Maslova still loved Nekhludoff, he refused his proposal for his future and married political prisoner simonson. The experiences of these two protagonists show their spiritual and moral revival. This novel exposes those corrupt officials and touches the essence of the old law.
recover
It reveals the problems of moral self-improvement and human conscience.
The resurrection of the best feelings of mankind
It embodies the calm and compassionate atmosphere of a great man's thoughts in his later years.
One of the hundred classic works in the world.
Classic works in the history of Russian literature
Resurrection is the masterpiece of Tolstoy, a famous Russian writer. I believe many people have read this book when they were students. In China, six editions have been published since the beginning of the 20th century, and the drama of the same name adapted by dramatists Tian Han and Xia Yan was also published and staged in 1930s and 1940s. The works and their protagonists have become very familiar and beloved figures of China readers and audiences.
Resurrection is a novel after Tolstoy's changed world outlook, and it is a summary of his thoughts, religious ethics and aesthetic exploration. It is a novel conceived according to a real case, which shows the process of the hero's "spiritual purification", exposes the anti-people nature of the czar's autocratic bureaucrats and the ugly crimes of the church, and is the most comprehensive and sufficient reflection of Tolstoy's worldview. The plot of the novel is ups and downs, and the characters are vividly portrayed. Tuo Weng's skillful and old-fashioned brushwork in his later years reflects the painful struggle between men and women between "spirit and flesh" more profoundly than any other works. This epic classic is known as "/kloc-an encyclopedia of Russian life in the 9th century".
Resurrection is the most beautiful poem praising human compassion-the most authentic poem. It embodies meanness and virtue, and observes everything with gentle attitude, calm wisdom and universal compassion.
-romain rolland, a famous French critic.
In the whole19th century, there has never been such a work as Resurrection, which is higher than Les Miserables, because there is nothing imaginary, fictional or fabricated here, but life itself.
-Stasov, a famous Russian critic
Reading Tolstoy's Resurrection, I feel that he is really great. The prostitutes in Maslova's novels give people a sense of sacredness, while the so-called "saints" in some of our novels give people a sense of inferiority. This explains the difference between a master and an ordinary writer.
-famous writer Chi Zijian
Resurrection is a work that summarizes life. It takes out all the dirty things in people's hearts. People's hearts are complicated, good people and bad people, good and evil are complicated.