After the establishment of the Han dynasty, it has been facing the military threat of the tough Xiongnu. Although the policy of "affinity" was implemented from the early Han Dynasty, numerous property gifts could not satisfy the greed of Xiongnu nobles. During Emperor Wendi's reign, the Huns invaded twice, and the soldiers attacked Chang 'an. The capital was in danger, and Manchu was frightened.
After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, he changed the previous compromise policy of forbearance and peace, gave up "intimacy" and took tough offensive operations to completely eliminate the intrusion of Xiongnu. From the second year of Yuanguang (133 BC) to the fourth year of Yuanshou (1 19 BC), Han and Xiongnu fought for more than ten years, each time with more than 65,438+10,000 soldiers and more than 300,000 people, and fought in Henan, Hexi and Mobei. For the last time, the Han army sent hundreds of thousands of troops across the desert and attacked more than 2,000 miles, which dealt a heavy blow to the Xiongnu and made it "far away from the desert without a court." For a long time, the threat from Xiongnu was basically solved. The Han dynasty also recovered the Hetao area occupied by Huns, opened up Guantian to repair the Great Wall in the border areas, and stationed 6,543,800 troops. The frontier presents a scene of peace and prosperity.
Develop horse administration and create a real cavalry era
Cavalry plays an important role in the history of China's ancient war and even the world's military development. Making cavalry truly a strategic service began with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in China. The development of cavalry in Han dynasty can be roughly divided into several stages with Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty as the boundary. Before that, cavalry and chariots were equally important, and later cavalry completely replaced chariots and became the main arms of the army in Han Dynasty.
In the frequent battles with the Huns, the Han army increasingly felt the clumsy and passive weakness of the chariot and the obvious advantage of tarquin's agility and initiative. Therefore, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made every effort to develop cavalry, making the form of war completely become a cavalry confrontation. In some major battles, the chariot has gradually withdrawn from the war stage, thus making the ancient cavalry in China complete the transformation from the general auxiliary service to the strategic service and become the main force of the war. With the rapid development of cavalry, the system of raising horses has been continuously established and improved. According to Records of the Historian, during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, horses were raised vigorously, resulting in "horses in streets and alleys and crowds in buildings". Huo Qubing, a famous soldier in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was able to mobilize 240,000 horses during his expedition to Mobei.
Innovating economy and laying a solid financial foundation for Qiang Bing.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, economic reform was carried out, which made the economy develop rapidly. He successively implemented a series of new economic policies, such as expanding the scope of taxation, further reducing the burden on farmers, and cracking down on wealthy businessman dajia. Change the situation of privatization of salt and iron production and operation since the early Han Dynasty, implement salt and iron official operation and increase national income; Reform the monetary system, and delegate the right to coin money from all over the country to the central government; Adjust traffic, balance prices and establish a government-run commercial network; After the enactment of the liquor rights law, the government will supply raw materials to private brewers, control their products in a unified way, implement monopoly and supplement the national financial resources.
The above-mentioned new economic policy not only promoted "national wealth", but also greatly promoted "military strength". During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a tough foreign attack strategy and frequent use of troops required a lot of financial and material support: the salaries, ordnance, riding, border garrison and various rewards of hundreds of thousands of soldiers were paid by the state treasury, and the number was amazing. The new economic policy has achieved remarkable results in less than a year. At that time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty led 6.5438+0.8 million people to patrol the north, and rewarded officers and men with more than 6.5438+0 million silks and hundreds of millions of money. Just a military horse that the Huns needed to fight mobilized a lot of manpower and raised hundreds of thousands of horses ... Only these fully proved that strong economic strength provided strong support for military strategy.
What political, economic and military measures did Qin Shihuang and Liang Wudi take to govern the country? 1. Qin Shihuang
1. Politics: A set of feudal autocratic centralization has been established, which is manifested in the stipulation that the supreme ruler of the country is called the emperor and is in charge of the military and political power of the whole country. In the central government, the prime minister, Qiu, and the imperial advisers are set up to be responsible for administrative, military, and procuratorial work. The county system was established in the local area, which had a far-reaching impact on future generations in China.
2. Economy: unified currency, writing and weights and measures.
3. Culture: In order to control people's thoughts, books are burned to bury Confucianism.
4. Military: Stabilize the north and build the Great Wall of Wan Li.
2. Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty
1. Politics: Implementing the "Enzhi" to weaken the power of the vassal state.
2. Culture: "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone", carry out Confucian education and hold the imperial academy in Chang 'an.
3. Economy: The right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron were brought into the central government, and five coins were minted in a unified way.
4. Military: Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to fight against the Huns, and the Hetao and Hexi Corridor areas were taken over.
5. Diplomacy: Zhang Qian sent missions to the Western Regions, established the ties between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions, and opened up the Silk Road.
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What are the similarities and differences between Qin Shihuang and Han Wudi in politics, ideology and military affairs? A Legalist, a Confucian, a Warring States tyranny and a peaceful development. Qin had to take this opportunity to develop and strengthen the Han Dynasty, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sought development in peacetime.
What measures did Qin Shihuang and Liang Wudi take in politics? They added Qin Shihuang's political measures: calling themselves emperors; Set up a prime minister, Qiu and an ancient adviser in the central government; The county system is implemented in some areas.
The ideological measures are: burning books and burying Confucianism.
The political measures taken by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty were: promulgating the decree of promotion; Many countries separated from the kingdom, and later a large number of princes were cut off one after another;
The ideological measures are: exclusion and respect for Confucianism.
In order to realize his "great cause", Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made a political, ideological and military journey. At the beginning of his reign, on the one hand, the political situation was relatively stable and the national economic situation was quite good. On the other hand, the separatist factors of vassal States still exist, and the potential threat is not small. Therefore, while continuing to implement various policies of Jingdi, he adopted a series of measures to strengthen centralization.
Politics: In politics, Zhu's suggestion was adopted and an "Enzhi" was promulgated, which weakened the enfeoffment power of the vassal states in the early Han Dynasty and strengthened the supervision system. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also made innovations on the basis of the past, including major reforms and innovations such as the right to collect photos, the establishment of secretariat and the establishment of a systematic and complete political system. This legal tradition became the basic paradigm of the * * * system in the next two thousand years.
Military and foreign friendship: militarily, it is mainly to concentrate military forces and enrich the central military forces; Reform the military system. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to attack the Huns, which made the northern border counties stable, and Zhang Qian was sent to the western regions to open up the northwest frontier, opening the door for the Western Han Dynasty to connect the western regions and even Central Asia.
Economy: in the economic aspect, we should pay more attention to agriculture than commerce, rectify our finances, issue "accounting" and "warning" orders, levy a merchant asset tax, and vigorously crack down on profiteers; Sang Hongyang suggested that iron smelting and salt boiling should be taken back from the official camp, and counties and States should be prohibited from casting money, and five baht should be cast in a unified way; The establishment of leveling officers and compensation officers, with the government managing transportation and trade, has greatly enhanced the country's economic strength. At the same time, building water conservancy projects, emigrating to the northwest and implementing the "land replacement law" are conducive to the development of agricultural production. Another important measure in the economic field was to unify the currency at that time.
Ideologically, Dong Zhongshu's suggestion that a hundred schools of thought should be deposed and Confucianism should be the only one, which made Confucianism the dominant ideology in China society, vigorously promoted Confucianism and established imperial academy in Chang 'an. Confucianism became the orthodox thought of China's feudal rule, which lasted for more than two thousand years and had a far-reaching impact on the politics, society and culture of China in later generations.
What political problems did Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty face in the early days of his rule? At that time, the political problems in the early days of Emperor Wu mainly included: the excessive power of local governors threatened the central government. It is not conducive to social progress to implement the policy of "inaction" because of the recuperation of the literary scene. Xiongnu's harassment and strong military strength in Hetao area were a great threat to the Han Dynasty, which was forced to ease the crisis through marriage for a long time. Dou's authoritarian, headed by Dou Taihou Dou's family in power for a long time. These are the main problems at that time!
Feudal lords had too many fiefs and too much power for the court to control.
Solution: Give grace to the children of the princes, give them fiefs, and get fiefs from their fathers. This seems to have given them benefits, but in fact it has weakened the power and influence of those governors.
What is the political role of the measures taken by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty?
(1) Reform official positions, form internal dynasties and external dynasties, and strengthen imperial power.
(2) Select a large number of talents and attach importance to the appointment and assessment of officials; Implement the secretariat system. Strengthen the central government's control over local bureaucrats.
(3) Promulgating "Enzhi" to weaken the vassal power and strengthen centralization.
(4) Strengthen and improve the feudal rule of law, crack down on powerful landlords and maintain the feudal social order.
(5) Strengthen the supervision system: set up captains in the central government to supervise and report the illegal acts of officials in the capital and the royal family. Set up local secretariat to supervise local officials.
What did Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty do politically to end the war, unify China, recuperate, establish the imperial examination and create a prosperous time for the emperor?