According to many years' practice at home and abroad, planning is the leading factor of urban construction, and planning must go ahead. The same is true of urban development. Therefore, it is very important to study the planning strategy of urban development. Urban planning is moving towards development-oriented urban planning. Urban planning itself can create value and urban planning itself is urban management. A good architectural planning and community planning can create hundreds of millions of values, and Shanghai Cultural Garden is an example. The value created by a good urban master plan is immeasurable, and the plans of Zhouzhuang and Pingyao are the most convincing.
To sum up, the planning strategies of urban development mainly include the following aspects: protecting urban historical and cultural heritage and considering urban development in the long run; Optimize the urban environment and enhance the value of urban assets with the beauty of the environment; * * * For infrastructure, save investment and increase benefits; Planning first, do a good job in urban development planning. These problems are hot and difficult problems in urban development and urban planning and construction, and they are also urgent problems to be solved in urban development.
Then, how can cities correctly face and effectively solve these problems in practical work, so as to promote the healthy and smooth development of urban construction? For this reason, our reporter interviewed Li, the director of Tongji Joint Institute of Urban Planning and Landscape Design and an expert on urban studies in China, and asked him to express his views on the urban planning strategy of "protecting urban historical and cultural heritage and considering urban development in the long run".
What is the significance of protecting urban historical and cultural heritage?
The reporter first asked Professor Li about the significance of protecting China's historical and cultural heritage.
Li said that the significance of urban historical and cultural heritage protection mainly includes four aspects: historical research-historical and cultural value, scientific research-scientific value, tourism development-economic value and sustainable development. First of all, we look at the value of urban culture from the perspective of historical research.
Urban cultural heritage is the witness of urban historical development and an important basis for urban historical research. Studying the history of urban and human development, making the past serve the present, is conducive to promoting urban development.
In the process of historical science research, it is found that historical ancient cities, buildings and structures (such as Zhao Zhouqiao, Dujiangyan and Egyptian pyramids in China) all have profound scientific principles, and some even have scientific theories that people do not know so far. Protecting the historical and cultural heritage, especially the historical and cultural heritage of China, which has condensed more than 3,000 years of history and culture, is of great significance to scientific research.
Li said that it is these urban cultural heritages created by human progress that provide good conditions for the development of our city-developing urban tourism and intuitively expressing the unique charm of urban history and culture with economic value is conducive to the better development of the city. China's 5,000-year historical and cultural heritage is rich and fascinating. It has attracted countless people in China and made foreigners yearn for it. These are important resources for the development of urban tourism, and also important places for people to relax, sightseeing and beautify. Xiaozhouzhuang (town) has an annual tourism income of 200 million yuan, and the growth rate is also amazing.
With the improvement of economic level, the income brought by tourism is also increasing, and the proportion of tourism in the national economy is also increasing. China has great potential for urban historical and cultural tourism. The historical and cultural heritage of Zhangye City in China is much richer and more valuable than that of Takayama City in Japan. The proportion of tourism revenue in Zhangye City, China is much lower than that in Takayama City, Japan, which is less than 10% and more than 70%.
In a word, protecting historical and cultural heritage is of great significance. The state invests 20 million yuan every year for the protection of famous historical and cultural cities. When Old Town of Lijiang, a famous historical and cultural city as a world cultural heritage, suffered an earthquake, the international community gave a lot of donations. Protecting urban historical and cultural heritage is a long-term strategy of urban management.
Global Agenda 2 1 century points out that an important aspect of sustainable development is the protection of historical and cultural heritage. Protect historical and cultural heritage and benefit future generations. In the early 1980s, when planning Pingyao and Zhouzhuang, Professor Ruan of Tongji University made plans to protect ancient towns and open up new areas, and tried to persuade them to preserve Pingyao ancient city and Zhouzhuang town, making Pingyao a world cultural heritage. Zhouzhuang is expected to be included in the world cultural heritage list. Professor Ruan is a great hero in protecting cultural heritage. At the same time, the decision-makers who accepted the protection advice at that time were also heroes.
Li said that China's historical and cultural heritage is very rich and precious. Unfortunately, it was destroyed constructively in the economic development. In the 1970s, the historical value of Taigu and other cities was no less than Pingyao, but now it is gone. Fuzhou's "three lanes and seven lanes" were "changed" in the transformation of the old city. These are all very sad. Experts believe that since the reform and opening up, the constructive destruction of history and culture in urban development has surpassed the "breaking the four old" and the "Cultural Revolution". The west is an ancient "Silk Road" with rich and precious historical and cultural heritage. In the development of the western region and urban management, we must learn lessons, consciously and pay special attention to protecting historical and cultural heritage, continuing China culture and benefiting future generations.
Protect historical and cultural heritage and enhance the value of urban assets.
Li said that our historical and cultural heritage is undoubtedly a powerful development wealth of this city. Historical and cultural heritage is an important tourism resource and also a tourism asset. Therefore, protecting historical and cultural heritage can enhance the value of urban assets. The historical and cultural heritage of Pingyao ancient city and Zhouzhuang town is well protected, the tourism industry is well developed and the value of urban assets is much higher. Hangzhou's historical and cultural heritage is well planned, and the real estate price is much higher.
So, which urban cultural heritage should be included in the historical and cultural heritage for protection, development and utilization?
Li said that the protection of historical and cultural heritage mainly includes four aspects: the protection of cultural relics, the protection of historical sites, the protection and continuation of ancient city features, and the inheritance and development of historical traditional culture.
The first is the protection of historical sites. Cultural relics include a variety of scattered ancient buildings, ancient gardens, historical sites, sites, memorial sites for outstanding people, and historical structures such as ancient trees and bridges.
Second, protect historical sites. Historical sites include cultural relics and historical blocks. Cultural relics sites refer to sites composed of areas where cultural relics (including relics) are concentrated and their surrounding environment. Historical block refers to a residential area with a certain number and scale of historical buildings and a relatively complete style. The whole region reflects the style of a certain historical era and has high value.
Protection and continuation of ancient city features. The protection and continuation of the ancient city style includes three parts: the spatial pattern of the ancient city, the natural environment of the ancient city and the architectural style of the city.
The spatial pattern of the ancient city includes the plane layout, azimuth axis, road skeleton, river network and water system of the ancient city. They can reflect the humanistic landscape, planning and layout concept, historical development and social and cultural pattern of the city; The natural environment of the ancient city includes important topography, landforms, gardening, mountains, water, flowers, trees and gardening related to the important history of the city and its suburbs. The natural environment of a city is closely related to its landscape, culture and ecology. The architectural style of the ancient city includes architectural style, height, volume, materials, plane layout and the relationship with surrounding buildings. Architectural style affects urban characteristics.
Methods and principles of historical and cultural heritage protection
When talking about the protection of some cities' historical and cultural architectural heritage in their respective construction and development, Li said that practice has proved that most cities attach importance to, protect and effectively use historical and cultural heritage in their respective construction and development. However, some cities are not doing well. The reason is that these cities don't know much about the protection methods and principles of historical and cultural heritage.
Li said that the methods and principles of historical and cultural heritage protection mainly include nine aspects:
Well-preserved (frozen preservation): well-preserved, maintaining the authenticity of history and culture. This is the standard advocated by the United Nations. General cultural relics should be well preserved;
Maintain the original appearance-meticulously repair: for the repair of incomplete buildings (ancient relics), it is necessary to "maintain the original appearance to preserve its truth". The Venice Charter puts forward two restoration principles recognized by all countries in the world: the restored and filled parts must form a whole with the original parts, and maintain harmony and consistency in the landscape, which will help to restore but not reduce its artistic value, historical value, scientific value and information value;
The added part must be different from some parts, so that people can distinguish between historical and contemporary additions and safeguard the historicity of cultural relics. In addition, the reinforcement and maintenance should be as little as possible, which is the principle of necessity;
Reconstruct cautiously: Some very important historical buildings were destroyed for some reason. Because they are important local characteristics and signs, it is necessary to rebuild them if conditions permit. The reconstruction is unforgettable. However, the reconstruction must be cautious and verified by experts, because the reconstruction will inevitably lose the authenticity of history, spend a lot of money and destroy the relics. In more cases, it is more valuable to preserve the remains;
Utilization is based on the premise of not destroying the heritage. The use of historical and cultural heritage is based on the premise of not destroying the heritage, and it is best to continue the original use method. It can also be used as a museum and tourist attraction to carefully prevent damage;
Maintain the pattern characteristics of historical blocks and ancient cities. Focus on protecting the plane layout, azimuth axis, road skeleton and river network of historical blocks and ancient cities;
Protection of characteristic architectural style: protection of characteristic architectural style, including architectural style, height, volume, material, color, plane layout, relationship with surrounding buildings, etc. It is very important to control the appropriate building scale-height and volume. Remember that now and now are different, and it is not required to be very high or large.
Protecting the historical environment: Things are inseparable from the environment in which they exist, and they cannot exist without the environment. The significance of the historical and cultural heritage environment is even more important, and the important topography, landforms, gardens and metallurgy, water bodies, flowers, trees and their characteristics that are important, distinctive and related to history should be protected;
Uncertain old cities, villages, streets and ancient buildings should not be demolished for the time being. Many remote places, especially mountainous rural areas, ancient towns, ancient villages, ancient streets and ancient buildings, are not key cultural relics protection units, but they are also historical and cultural heritage with considerable value. The local people don't know if they have the financial resources and opportunities to ask experts for appraisal. It is best not to dismantle this situation for the time being, so as not to cause regret, and then deal with it according to the situation after being demonstrated by experts.
Do a good job in the protection planning of historical and cultural ancient cities and historical and cultural lots. Planning is dominant, protection must be based on planning, and planning must go ahead. If you have a plan, you should protect it according to the plan.