With the continuous development of modern medicine, many diseases can disappear through diagnosis and treatment, and people's bodies can be in a healthier state. What are the modern diagnosis and treatment? Although some people have heard of modern diagnosis and treatment, they don't know the specific analysis and what diseases they can help solve. Here is my detailed introduction, let's have a look.
Driven by the third scientific and technological revolution, medical technology in the 20th century also experienced three revolutions. 1935, sulfanilamide has been proved to have bactericidal effect. Sulfonamides were synthesized artificially in 1940s, which promoted the rapid development of medicine and chemical technology. This is the first revolution. Since 1943, penicillin has been widely used in clinic, and human beings have obtained special means and methods to treat bacterial infectious diseases, which has opened up a new situation of antibiotic chemotherapy.
The second medical technology revolution took place in the1970s, and the most important standards were the invention and application of computerized tomography (CT) and nuclear magnetic resonance diagnostic technology, which was hailed as the most important achievement of diagnostic radiology since Roentgen discovered X-rays. Inventors Huntsfield and Cormac jointly won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. The latest radiological diagnosis technology can find early tumors and many other early lesions.
The third medical technology revolution took place in the late 1970s. Scientists use genetic engineering technology to produce somatostatin, human insulin, human growth hormone, interferon, hepatitis B vaccine and other biological products, opening up a new concept of biological treatment of diseases.
So, what medical technologies will affect the nursing status of patients in the future? In the 6th edition of Introduction to Health Services written by Williams and Torrance in 2004, eight medical technologies, such as rational drug use design, minimally invasive surgery, gene localization and detection, gene therapy, vaccine, artificial blood and allogeneic transplantation, which will affect the next ten years, were introduced emphatically. Some new medical technologies will also affect clinical treatment: partial resection, artificial liver, cloning, DNA sequencing/diagnosis, functional nerve stimulation, joint replacement, pain control, local perfusion, tissue sealing materials, treatment of drug-resistant bacteria and virtual reality system.
First, rational drug use design:
At present, drugs on the market are basically found by randomly screening natural products or similar time-consuming and laborious methods. Of the 10000 test substances, only 100 is worth studying, and 10 has entered clinical trials, and generally only one can enter the market. With the development of science and technology, scientists can design thousands of drugs every day through modern methods such as structural design, molecular model, virtual reality model and combinatorial chemistry. This will shorten the process of drug discovery and obtain many promising new compounds. They will have a great impact on the treatment of neurological and psychological diseases, disease-resistant treatment and other fields.
B, imaging technology research progress:
The breakthrough of imaging technology is to show us tissues, organ systems and their functions on a higher visual level, reveal the secrets of various organ structures and functions, and enable hospitals to diagnose specific functions or hidden diseases. There are X-rays, ultrasonic waves, electron beams and positrons. Concentrate energy on the target area. The stronger the energy, the more detailed the image, and it will also cause damage to normal tissues. By detecting or receiving reflected or refracted energy, the microelectronic beam becomes smaller and smaller, and smaller images are obtained, and progress has also been made in contrast agents. Computer image analysis technology is getting stronger and stronger, which can quickly analyze a large number of data of height detectors and quickly image; Doctors' clinical display technology is getting bigger, faster and cheaper, which has set off a medical imaging fever.
In the future. Modulation imaging technology will overcome many shortcomings of ultrasound technology, and functional imaging can provide information on how tissues and organs develop.
With functional information, clinicians will understand the functions and shapes of various organs with the help of these new technologies, thus reducing the application of destructive diagnostic methods.
C, the least destructive surgery:
It is called minimally invasive surgery in China. The operation can be carried out because of the development of new medical technologies such as optical fiber technology, miniaturization of instruments and equipment, digital imaging, arterial catheter navigation system and the application of holistic medical model treatment concept. Minimally invasive surgery has the advantages of less trauma, less pain and quick recovery. Early minimally invasive surgery refers to a new technology to perform surgery in the human body through laparoscopy, thoracoscopy and other endoscopes.
Now, minimally invasive technology is also used in heart and brain surgery. Compared with traditional surgery, minimally invasive technology reduces the risk of surgery and is more humane. Minimally invasive technology not only represents the change of surgical methods, but also completely updates the concept of the medical industry and has a far-reaching impact on the medical field. In addition to the medical effect of the operation itself, the physical pain and psychological trauma of the patient, the recovery of the body after the operation, the saved medical expenses and the ability to return to society have become the focus of attention of the majority of medical workers.
With the development of minimally invasive technology, the future minimally invasive technology will affect almost all aspects of medical practitioners. Like interventional neuroradiologists, minimally invasive techniques can also be used to treat cerebrovascular and spinal vascular diseases outside surgery; Endovascular interventional experts can perform coronary angioplasty and so on. An endovascular surgeon who uses an endovascular repair device to treat abdominal aortic aneurysms. Minimally invasive technology will have a broader vision and a wider range of applications in the future.
D, genetic mapping and detection:
The research scope of clinical genetics has expanded from the diagnosis of familial hereditary diseases to the application of various tools of human molecular genetics. Genetic testing methods have been used to diagnose more complex diseases in adults. With the discovery of cancer susceptibility genes and genes causing neurogenetic diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease), the Human Genome Project provides us with the ability to quickly identify more complex diseases, such as diabetes, cancer and heart disease.
At present, more than 3000 genetic diseases have been found, and it is estimated that about 3 ~ 10 newborns suffer from genetic diseases of different degrees. At present, gene diagnosis can accurately diagnose nearly 100 genetic diseases, but since most of these genetic diseases cannot be effectively treated, from the perspective of medical ethics, there are still great problems in the popularization of gene diagnosis besides prenatal diagnosis.
The completion of the human genome map will promote a new medical revolution. Medical scientists will be able to analyze the composition, position and function of all human genes from the genome map. Through gene testing, we can accurately understand the diseases and health status of human bodies, paving the way for human beings to conquer many difficult diseases. After mastering the genome sketch that can be redesigned by itself, the survival of human beings is facing great threats, which brings a series of ethical problems.
E. gene therapy:
Gene therapy is a new biomedical technology that introduces human normal genes or therapeutic genes into human target cells in a certain way to correct gene defects or play a therapeutic role, so as to achieve the purpose of treating diseases. Gene is a basic functional unit carrying biological genetic information and a specific sequence located on chromosome. The introduction of foreign genes into biological cells must rely on certain technical methods or vectors. At present, the methods of gene transfer are divided into biological methods, physical methods and chemical methods.
Adenovirus vector is one of the most commonly used virus vectors in gene therapy. The target cells of gene therapy are mainly divided into somatic cells and germ cells, and the current gene therapy is limited to somatic cells. At present, gene therapy mainly treats those diseases that are harmful to human health.
Serious diseases include: hereditary diseases (such as hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, familial hypercholesterolemia, etc. ), malignant tumors, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases (such as AIDS and rheumatoid diseases). Gene therapy is a biomedical high-tech that introduces normal genes or therapeutic genes into human target cells in a certain way to correct gene defects or play a therapeutic role, so as to achieve the purpose of treating diseases. Gene therapy is different from conventional therapy: generally speaking, the treatment of diseases is aimed at various symptoms caused by gene abnormality, while gene therapy is aimed at the root of diseases-abnormal genes themselves. There are two forms of gene therapy: one is somatic gene therapy, which is widely used; The second is gene therapy of germ cells, which is limited because it will cause genetic changes.
F, vaccine:
The discovery of vaccine is a milestone in the history of human development. Because in a sense, the history of human reproduction is the history of human constant struggle with diseases and natural disasters. Prevention is the most important means to control infectious diseases, and vaccination is considered to be the most effective measure. Facts have proved that smallpox virus, which threatened human beings for hundreds of years, was completely eliminated after the appearance of vaccinia vaccine, which ushered in the first victory of human beings against viruses with vaccines and made human beings more convinced of the role of vaccines in controlling and eliminating infectious diseases.
In the next 200 years, the vaccine family has been expanding and developing. At present, there are more than 20 kinds of vaccines used for the prevention and treatment of human diseases, which are divided into traditional vaccines and new vaccines according to their technical characteristics. Traditional vaccines mainly include attenuated live vaccines and inactivated vaccines, while new vaccines are mainly genetic vaccines. Before 1995, the medical community generally believed that vaccines were only used to prevent diseases. With the development of immunology research, people have found new uses of vaccines, that is, they can treat some refractory diseases. Since then, the vaccine has both preventive and therapeutic effects, and the therapeutic vaccine belongs to specific active immunotherapy.
G, artificial blood:
The blood of healthy adults accounts for 8% of their body weight. If they lose 20% of their blood, they will go into shock, and if they lose more than 40%, they will die. Although artificial blood donation is effective in saving lives, it is difficult to preserve and has potential pollution risks. The shortage of blood source is a difficult problem faced by all countries in the world, and artificial blood is expected to alleviate this problem. The research of blood substitutes began in 1937. At that time, American scientists directly separated red blood cells into hemoglobin solutions and imported them into animals. It was found that this not only reduced the oxygen carrying capacity, but also led to renal failure, and the experiment was forced to terminate.
In 1980s, scientists devoted themselves to developing an improved hemoglobin. This hemoglobin can be extracted from expired blood, bovine blood, even plants and fungi, and then improved to ensure that it can remain stable after being injected into the body. This hemoglobin contains no blood group antigen and does not need blood group matching before use. Can be stored at room temperature for a long time and is convenient to transport. At present, many countries are developing this blood substitute, and it has entered the clinical stage. The United States is the country that uses the most blood substitutes, and five hemoglobin products produced by different companies have been used in hospitals. Under normal circumstances, if the blood loss is large and the patient's physical condition permits, the blood volume of the human body should be supplemented with substitutes first, and then whether blood transfusion is needed is decided according to the situation.
However, there has been no conclusion about the safety of artificial blood. With the development of science and technology, artificial blood will enter the clinic of ordinary people one day. Artificial blood can solve the problems of blood type matching and blood donation infection. Using stem cell hematopoietic technology has great therapeutic potential. This kind of artificial blood can completely meet the needs of patients all over the world, which is the biggest breakthrough. They will also study how to use embryonic stem cells to grow into other tissues to treat diabetes and Parkinson's disease.
H. Allotransplantation:
The basic framework of international standards for clinical research of xenotransplantation was established at the "International Symposium on Global Clinical Research Standards of Xenotransplantation" held in June, 2008+June, 2008, and the Changsha Declaration was drafted. This is the first time that the World Health Organization (WHO) has set up a clinic in China.
The standard of bed research. Hunan Xiangya Third Hospital has made a great breakthrough in the clinical research of islet transplantation for diabetes, making China one of the few countries in the world to carry out islet xenotransplantation for diabetes.
At present, there are more than 40 million diabetic patients in China, among which 4-8 million are suitable for islet transplantation. However, the supply of human pancreas that can be transplanted can not meet the needs of 654.38+10,000 patients in one year, and the research of xenotransplantation has broad prospects. At present, there are a large number of patients in bed due to organ failure in the world, and the human organs available for transplantation can only meet the needs of 1/5 patients. According to The New York Times, 5,700 people worldwide die every year due to the lack of organs for transplantation. It is a long-term solution to transplant organs of other organisms into the human body through xenotransplantation. Among them, because pig organs such as heart are similar to human beings in size and activity, the number of pigs is sufficient and easy to breed, which can completely meet the clinical needs, so it is considered by the medical community to be the best provider of human organ transplantation.
What are the modern diagnosis and treatment? With the rapid development of modern diagnosis and treatment technology, people with diseases in daily life should be able to pay attention to scientific and technological achievements in this area without giving up related treatment. Maybe some technologies can help you solve the disease problem after being developed.