The historical process of economic globalization
First, colonial expansion and the formation of the world market. By means of extortion, power occupation and colonial expansion, western countries basically completed the division of the world before World War I, and all ethnic groups in all regions of the world were involved in the capitalist world system. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, factories and handicrafts with employment relations appeared in cities such as Florence, Italy, and capitalism began to sprout, which promoted the development of commodity economy. Early capitalists and adventurers longed for special products outside Europe (such as silk, porcelain and tea in China). ), they also hope to sell European goods to China, India and other eastern countries. After the explorations of Diaz, Columbus, D 'Gama and Magellan, new routes to the East and other parts of the world were opened up. The opening of the new air route completely declared the end of the isolation of the world, and the world began to become a whole, and the traffic from Europe to Asia, America and Africa became increasingly close. The process of opening up new air routes is also the process of conquering and plundering colonies by colonial countries. The development of large tracts of land in the United States led to the rise and prosperity of triangle trade. European goods are continuously exported to Africa, but nearly 1 100 million slaves are exchanged; American gold, silver and industrial raw materials were shipped to Europe, which promoted the development of capitalist economy in Europe.
1765, the British weaver Hargreaves invented the Jenny machine, and the first scientific and technological revolution in human history began. 1785, Watt's improved steam engine was used in the textile field, and human entered age of steam. Subsequently, steam power was used in the field of transportation, trains and steamboats were invented one after another, and the production efficiency was rapidly improved. The industrial products of capitalist countries are sold abroad, and Asia, Africa and Latin America become their industrial raw material supply bases and commodity dumping markets, and the world economy is increasingly closely linked. In the 1970s, the second scientific and technological revolution marked by the widespread use of electricity began. Cars, telegrams, telephones, airplanes, etc. They came out and put into use one after another, which promoted the development of capitalist economy, and monopoly organizations began to form, and capitalist countries entered the monopoly stage. The Suez Canal was officially opened to traffic in 1969 and controlled by Britain and France, and the Panama Canal was officially opened to traffic in 19 14 and controlled by the United States, which greatly shortened the voyages around the world and made the world economic activities more closely linked in time and space.
Second, two parallel world market stages. While promoting the development of world capitalism, productive forces also push capitalism towards self-denial. An important result of the First World War was the establishment of the socialist system in the Soviet Union. Corresponding to the establishment of the new social system is the emergence of new modes of production. This brand-new mode of production has shown its vitality not only in the Soviet Union, but also all over the world. Therefore, a new world market has emerged. After World War II, with the birth of a number of socialist countries, the independence of colonial and semi-colonial countries, and the formation of two camps of socialism and capitalism in the world, this new world market has become a parallel existence with the capitalist world market. These two parallel world markets are not completely closed to each other, but under the impetus of the third scientific and technological revolution marked by breakthroughs in atomic energy, computers, aerospace, microelectronics and bioengineering, they both compete fiercely with each other and cooperate to a certain extent. Internally, deepen cooperation within their respective systems and promote various forms of integration and development; Externally, capital is expanding in a new round on a global scale, pushing economic globalization towards systematization and institutionalization. Generally speaking, economic cooperation among countries in the world has been further deepened, and contacts around the world have become more convenient.
Entering the new century, the "forward power and backward resistance" of economic globalization has made new development. On the one hand, with the information revolution as the forerunner, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation has played a new movement of world interconnection, and various new technologies and systems have brought the world closer together, further deepening the sharing of global interests and responsibilities. On the other hand, the anti-globalization trend is surging, the United States puts forward the slogan of "America first" and promotes unilateralism in international affairs, so the development of economic globalization encounters great resistance.
With the development of productive forces, economic globalization will continue to develop.
Economic globalization will encounter such great resistance, which is closely related to the fact that although the old production relations can't stop the development of new productive forces, they will do their best to hinder the development of new productive forces before quitting the historical stage. With the development of economic globalization, great changes have taken place in the balance of power between various interest groups in the world and within countries, but the old pattern of wealth and power distribution has not been broken. The old pattern and old system have hindered the development of a new round of economic globalization that is compatible with the new scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation through the retained strength, and pose a great challenge to the new round of economic globalization.
Secondly, economic globalization will amplify the economic crisis and form the second self-denial of economic globalization. With the continuous development of economic globalization, economic and trade exchanges between countries in the world are becoming more frequent and interdependent. The trend of "total glory and total loss" is becoming more and more obvious. Contemporary economic globalization is dominated by capitalist relations of production, which makes the basic contradiction of capitalism spread to the whole world with economic globalization. When the basic contradiction of capitalism develops to a certain extent, the world economic crisis will break out. In addition, economic globalization is to a great extent the globalization of market economy. While the market economy is expanding globally, it also extends its spontaneity and blindness to the whole world, thus aggravating the disorder and risk of the world economy and inducing the outbreak of the world economic crisis. It can be seen that economic globalization can not only realize the global flow of goods, capital, technology, labor and other resources, but also improve the efficiency of resource allocation. At the same time, it will also spread the economic risks of a single country to other countries. If economic globalization develops further according to the existing model, the risk of global crisis will become greater and greater, and the criticism of economic globalization will become stronger and stronger.
Finally, economic globalization will amplify social unrest and form the third self-denial of economic globalization. First of all, economic globalization makes the distribution of wealth more global, leading to unfair distribution of wealth. The social class contradiction in one country has spread all over the world. It can be said that with the development of current and past economic globalization, class contradictions will deepen, more and more people will be involved, and the areas affected will become wider and wider. If there is social unrest, the scale will be even larger. This makes economic globalization likely to be opposed by those who want to ease class contradictions. Second, economic globalization has made countries
The connection and interaction between domestic factors and international factors are strengthened, and the probability of international problems causing domestic turmoil and domestic problems causing international turmoil increases. Turbulence that will only occur locally or in a country may spread to the whole world through the flow of factors. Those countries that are implicated and cause turmoil are likely to blame their losses on economic globalization.
However, we should see that economic globalization is linked with the development of new productive forces. At present, with the development of society and the progress of the times, the breakthrough and application of a new generation of information technology represented by artificial intelligence, quantum information, mobile communication, Internet of Things and blockchain have accelerated, which has promoted the in-depth development of economic globalization and brought countries closer. For example, emerging new information service modes such as webcasting, short videos, mobile games, online education and cloud computing all have the characteristics of global consumption. The real economy and information technology are deeply integrated, and the level of digitalization, networking and intelligence of material products is constantly improving. With the help of information technology such as information network, big data, cloud computing and artificial intelligence, we can provide information technology support for users of physical products in any corner of the world. Information exchange broke through geographical restrictions, from quantitative change to qualitative change. As far as information is concerned, mankind will even leap from "global village" to "family", and information technology provides a broader world for human communication and economic globalization.
In the new century, new discoveries in life sciences, new breakthroughs in biotechnology and new development in biotechnology industry have greatly changed the process of human and social development. For example, the increasingly mature transgenic technology and cloning technology, as well as the accelerated development of key technologies such as genomics technology, protein genomics technology, bioinformatics technology, biochip technology and stem cell tissue engineering, have promoted the rapid development of biotechnology industry and profoundly changed the medical and health, agriculture, population and food situation of human beings. This will not only give mankind a longer life span, but also expand the opportunities and willingness of global communication; It will also bring about the change of ideas, minimize the occurrence of conflicts and the loss of wealth from the perspective of individuals, make the world more peaceful and stable, and make the global flow of production factors safer. Advanced manufacturing technology, which integrates robotics, digitalization and new materials, is accelerating the transformation of manufacturing industry to intelligence, service and green. The accelerated development of energy technology aimed at clean, efficient and sustainable development will trigger a global energy revolution, and aerospace and marine technology are expanding the territory of Xinjiang for human survival and development. This also means that the space for economic globalization is constantly expanding. In addition, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is accumulating strength, giving birth to a large number of new industries, new formats and new models, which will bring earth-shaking changes to global development and human production and life. All this means that economic globalization is the result of material forces and will inevitably develop with the development of new productive forces.
The development of China should conform to the general trend of economic globalization.
"Economic globalization is a historical trend. The Yangtze River, Nile River, Amazon River and Danube River run day and night. Although there will be some waves and many dangerous beaches and reefs, no one can stop the momentum of the river rushing forward. " Therefore, the development of China must conform to the general logic and trend of economic globalization and seize the historical opportunity of economic globalization.
First, work together to win the global epidemic prevention and control war and stand at a new starting point of the new round of economic globalization. During the epidemic prevention and control period, China actively cooperated with relevant countries and international organizations to provide much-needed epidemic prevention materials to the international community with good quality and quantity, and practiced the concept of community of human destiny with practical actions, which strongly proved that unity and cooperation are the most powerful weapons for the international community to overcome the epidemic, and optimizing the global public health governance mechanism is the best way to maintain public health safety. To win the global epidemic prevention and control war, we should strengthen the role of multilateral mechanisms such as the World Health Organization, effectively transform the experience and practices of international cooperation in fighting the epidemic into a fundamental and long-term institutional system, and build an iron wall of global public health security; Strengthen the coordination of international macroeconomic policies, maintain the stability and smoothness of the global industrial chain and supply chain, and promote the recovery of the world economy.
Second, adhere to mutual benefit and common development, and promote the construction of a new pattern of open world economy. Building a new pattern of open world economy is the only way to promote the healthy development of economic globalization and build a better world. To this end, we must adhere to mutual benefit and common development, optimize the layout of the global industrial chain, ensure the safety of the global supply chain, establish and improve the trade friction settlement mechanism, and accelerate the consultation on trade and investment liberalization and facilitation; Advocate multilateral free trade mechanism, expand the "circle of friends" of free trade, actively share development experience and enhance people's livelihood and well-being.
Third, adapt to the great changes in the world and improve the global governance system. Since the beginning of the new century, emerging market countries and developing countries have risen in groups. With the constant changes of international power and global challenges, it is the general trend to strengthen global governance and promote the reform of global governance system. At present, the reform of the global governance system is not a reinvention, and the old thinking of the cold war and zero-sum game should not be adopted. On the premise of maintaining the international system with the United Nations at the core and the international order based on international law, we should actively supplement, reform and improve the existing international order, promote the reform of multilateral mechanisms such as the World Trade Organization, promote the development of global governance system in a more just and reasonable direction, and reserve stronger institutional and institutional dividends for the in-depth development of the new round of economic globalization.
Fourth, promote dialogue among civilizations and green development, and accumulate new kinetic energy for economic globalization. Adhere to mutual respect and equal treatment, adhere to the United States and the United States and the United States, adhere to openness, tolerance, mutual learning and mutual learning, and promote the exchange of civilizations beyond the barriers of civilizations, the mutual learning of civilizations beyond the conflict of civilizations, and the coexistence of civilizations beyond the superiority of civilizations. Accelerate global green development, strengthen cooperation in ecological environment, biodiversity and climate change, jointly protect the earth's homeland, build a solid foundation of ecological civilization and take the road of green development. Through dialogue among civilizations and green development, we will open up new space and opportunities for the development of economic globalization, and the foundation for promoting economic globalization will be firmer, deeper and more sustainable.
To conform to the general trend of economic globalization, we should also deeply understand the negative factors of economic globalization. First of all, we should coordinate openness and security. It is necessary to open windows, expand openings and install screens to better maintain economic security. In the new stage of development, we must plan domestic development under the background of economic globalization, make full use of two markets and two resources, comprehensively promote market-oriented reform and high-quality development, ensure economic security with stronger industrial competitiveness, economic strength and comprehensive national strength, and participate in higher-level economic globalization with a safer economic system. It is necessary to conform to the law of economic development of big countries, take expanding domestic demand as the fundamental foothold of economic development, accelerate the construction of a new pattern of development, coordinate opening up and reform and development, and find a golden combination of openness and security.
Second, we must effectively prevent and resolve risks. We must adhere to the bottom line thinking, resolutely hold the bottom line and red line, resolutely implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, stabilize the basic market of foreign trade and foreign investment, stabilize the global industrial chain supply chain, and implement risk prevention. We should grasp the strength, progress and depth of opening to the outside world, actively respond to traditional and non-traditional security risks, and better safeguard national economic security.
Third, improve the ability to participate in and lead economic globalization. It is necessary to enhance the rule-making ability, take multilateral, regional and bilateral measures simultaneously, actively participate in the new round of global rule-making, oppose protectionism, and safeguard free trade and multilateralism. It is necessary to improve the ability of security, apply the international rules, improve the industrial security mechanism, improve the early warning of economic security risks, improve the mechanisms of foreign capital security review, early warning of industrial damage, trade remedy, etc., and safeguard China's development interests. It is necessary to strengthen the ability to guarantee talents, actively cultivate international talents in economy, law, management and negotiation, and improve China's representation in international organizations.
As a part of world history, economic globalization is undeniable no matter how people criticize it and what twists and turns will occur in its development process. Therefore, what we can do is to deeply understand the historical process, development trend and the inevitability behind economic globalization, seek advantages and avoid disadvantages in the process of economic globalization with a "brave" attitude, grasp the initiative of development, and realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
Related questions and answers: The manifestations of economic globalization include production globalization, trade globalization, capital globalization and technology globalization. Economic globalization refers to the increase in the scale and form of transnational trade in goods and services and capital flow, as well as the wide and rapid spread of technology, which makes the economies of all countries in the world more interdependent. Economic globalization shows great vitality, which has caused great impact on economy, politics, military, society, culture and other aspects, including the way of thinking. This is a profound revolution that no country can avoid. The only way is how to adapt, actively participate in economic globalization and accept the test in the historical tide.