Western watercolor painting was introduced into China mainly through two channels: first, western missionaries introduced and hired western painters to teach; The second is to send international students abroad for further study.
The wide acceptance and popularization of China people mainly depend on the western-style schools and fine arts colleges around the world that rose in the second half of the 9th century.
At first, western watercolor painting followed the footsteps of western missionaries and went to all parts of the world.
The cultural and artistic exchanges between China and the West have a long history.
Especially in the 1920s of 16, the maritime traffic between China and Europe was relatively developed.
According to historical records, an Italian Catholic Jesuit missionary named Michaeieruggieri (15431607) came to China in AD 1579 (the seventh year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty) and brought some western religious paintings. Three years later, at 1582, another Italian missionary was named Li. 1552 ~ 16 10) also came to China. The icons he brought and the illustrations in the scriptures were all hand-painted in watercolor, which was the first time that China people saw western watercolor.
This kind of ink painting not only has the moisture of China traditional painting, but also is fresh, bright, natural and unrestrained, smooth, with more delicate visual effect and more vivid image, which has aroused people's amazement. Of course, this is not the real spread of watercolor painting.
More influential than that, in 17 15, Italian painter ShiNing Lang (1 10, 1688 ~ 1766) was called into the Qing Dynasty as a painter. On the one hand, he used China's painting tools and materials, on the other hand, he still used western aesthetic concepts and techniques to paint.
Although these works are not pure watercolors, China people have gradually accepted many ideas of western painting, such as color, light and shadow, perspective and so on.
/kloc-in the middle of the 0/8th century, after the Opium War, western learning spread to the east.
With the vigorous development of Sino-foreign trade, there are a number of painters engaged in commodity painting in Guangzhou Port, including British watercolors.
1843, Shanghai opened a commercial port, and foreign churches gained the freedom to preach in China. Western culture has also rapidly influenced the ancient land of the East.
13 years later, Xujiahui Catholic Church and Tushanwan Painting Garden were taught brush charcoal painting, oil painting and watercolor painting by Spanish missionary Janis Phelan (18 17 ~ 1856) and French missionary Pan Xianghong (Fnere Couper's date of birth and death is unknown) respectively.
It is the earliest institution of learning western art in China, where many young Chinese painting students study, among which outstanding students are Zhang, Zhou Xiang and others, who are pioneers of China watercolor painting.
1840 the failure of the opium war led to the westernization movement in China.
In that year, in order to learn advanced western technology, the Qing Dynasty sent more than 65,438,000 students to study in the United States.
After the May 4th Movement, many progressive young people went to Japan or Britain, France, Germany, Italy and other countries to study painting art. ..
Guan in the north, Wang Jiyuan and Zhang in the south are all famous painters who studied in Britain and France or specialized in watercolor painting in their early years. They have made outstanding contributions to the creation and development of watercolor art in China in terms of art education and watercolor creation.
Before going abroad, these students all had the traditional foundation of China culture and education, and had good humanistic quality and self-cultivation.
After they came into contact with the western watercolor painting art, they naturally combined it with the traditional art in China.
In this sense, western watercolor painting has been a combination of Chinese and western painting since its introduction.
In the history of China, watercolor painting really began to spread in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.
With the Reform Movement of 1898, the national education in China was influenced by the educational thoughts in Western Europe and East Asia. Among the government-run schools, there are schools that imitate the western art education model, adopting new academic system, new teaching methods and new courses, and watercolor painting has become an important part of art teaching in textbooks.
1902 the charter of the king James school promulgated by the Qing dynasty clearly stipulates that schools at all levels must offer painting classes.
Watercolor, as an important part of painting class, has entered the general education in China.
From 65438 to 0906, Liangjiang Excellent Normal School (predecessor of Fine Arts Department of Central University) was established in Nanjing, and the "Fine Arts Department" was established in the history of modern fine arts education in China.
Baoding founded Zhili Normal School, and western paintings include sketches, oil paintings and watercolors.
After that, there were watercolor teaching in Zhejiang Normal University and Beijing Normal University.
19 12 established the Shanghai Academy of Chinese Painting and Fine Arts (predecessor of Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts), 19 18 established the National Beijing Academy of Fine Arts, 1928 established the National Hangzhou Academy of Fine Arts (predecessor of Central Academy of Fine Arts) ... All these schools offered watercolor courses in western painting.
From 1922, watercolor painting was officially opened in the primary school curriculum in China, which opened the way for the popularization and development of watercolor painting in China.
Since then, watercolor painting has been particularly favored in the art teaching of various private and public ordinary schools in China, and its emphasis is even higher than that of oil painting because of its relaxed aesthetics and simple tools and materials.
Many researchers engaged in watercolor art have also found their own suitable positions in the post of art teaching, and they are the main force of watercolor painters in China.
At the same time, watercolor societies have been established in various places, which is also an important force to promote the development of watercolor painting in China.
For example, in 19 19, Yan set up an "art competition painting meeting" in Suzhou; 1926, Li Jianchen, Zhang E and others set up the "Art and Light Society" in Beijing; Liu Kaiqu and Li Youxing also set up a watercolor club in Beijing. From 65438 to 0928, Pan Sitong and Chen Qiucao established the "White Goose Painting Society" in Shanghai and published the "White Goose Painting Magazine"-these watercolor organizations made indelible contributions to the prosperity of watercolor art and the cultivation of watercolor talents in China.
In addition, with the vigorous advocacy of a group of watercolor painters such as Li, Li Chaoshi and others, watercolor, a new painting, has gradually laid a broad social foundation in China.
Watercolor painting enters China, which means that the way westerners see the world enters China.
That is, the way of looking at things in line with the physiological structure of human eyes, and seeing the world with a visual framework and strategy that does not constantly "realistically" narrate, so that China people can have another eye reference on the basis of the aesthetic concept of copying and imagery, which is of great significance.
The budding period of China watercolor painting (1715-1911)
The Growing Period of Watercolor in China (191-1949)
The formation period of China watercolor painting (1949- 1978)
The Innovative Period of China Watercolor (1978- 1998)