France is one of the earliest countries in the world to promote the industrialization of architecture. From 1950s to 1970s, it took a road of building industrialization marked by the cast-in-place technology of fully assembled plate mould. Some people call it the first generation of building industrialization. At this stage, large-scale housing construction was carried out, and many new residential areas were built around the city to solve the housing problem. Accordingly, there are many specialized building systems, different systems come from different manufacturers, and the components of each building system are not universal. In the 1970s, the housing contradiction was alleviated, the scale of the project was reduced, the number of buildings was scattered, the operating rate of the original component factory was insufficient, and the stereotyped disadvantages exposed by industrialized houses forced France to seek a new road of building industrialization. In order to meet the needs of the construction market, the second generation of building industrialization characterized by the development of universal components and equipment is in transition.
In order to develop the general architecture system, France established the Component Architecture Association (ACC) as a research and coordination center in 1977 to promote the industrialization of the second generation architecture. 1978, the association has formulated the size coordination rules. In the same year, the Ministry of Housing proposed to promote "system architecture" as a means of transition to a universal building system. The structural system is based on the size coordination rules, and the main structural system is proposed by the construction enterprise or design firm; It consists of a series of interchangeable stereotypes components, forming a system component catalog. Architects can use these components to form different buildings (building block systems), just like building blocks.
When using this system, architects must adopt the components in the component catalogue and follow the corresponding design rules. Of course, they will also be restricted in architectural art. Therefore, France does not advocate that there is only one structural system in the country, but a number of owners can choose.
In order to select the structural system, the Ministry of Housing entrusts CSTB to form an evaluation committee composed of engineers, architects and economists to review and approve the structural system. By 198 1 year, China has chosen 25 structural systems, with an annual construction volume of about 10000 households.
Among the 25 selected structural systems, except wood structure and steel structure, most of them are precast concrete systems, and the multi-family residential system is slightly more than the single-family residential system. Tectonic system generally shows the following characteristics:
-In order to make the interior design of multi-family residence flexible and free, the structure is mostly frame-type or plate-column, and the wall load-bearing system is developing to a large span. The span of Leiga building system is12m.
-In order to speed up on-site construction and create a civilized construction environment, many systems adopt welding and bolt connection.
-It tends to separate the fabrication of structural members from equipment installation and decoration engineering, so as to reduce embedded parts and reserved holes in prefabricated members, simplify nodes and reduce component specifications. During the construction period, equipment installation and decoration works will be carried out after the main structure is handed over, and the former provides an ideal working environment for the latter.
The most outstanding advantage of the structural system is that the architectural design is flexible and diverse. As a design tool, it only provides architects with a series of components and their combination rules. As for what kind of building to design, architects have more freedom. Therefore, as long as the houses built by the same system come from different architects, the shapes are quite different.
Although the structural system follows the size coordination rule, the rule itself is flexible and allows different coordination methods. In addition, the structures and points of each system are also inconsistent, and the components of different systems are generally not universal, so the structural system still belongs to the category of special systems. The idea of establishing a general component market by developing structural systems has not yet been realized.
1982, in view of the above situation, the French government adjusted its technical policy, promoted the principle of separation of component production and construction, and developed the commodity production of general components and accessories for the whole industry. France believes that it is unrealistic to require all components to be universal, so it is prepared to make some concessions on the issue of universality. In other words, a set of component directories can only be coordinated with other directories to form a structured logical system. This combination is not only technically and economically feasible, but also can form a variety of buildings. Each structural logic system forms a software, which is managed by computer, which can not only carry out auxiliary design, but also provide project cost quickly.
In the 1990s, the industrialization of French architecture continued to develop for the following reasons.
1. The construction industry is making continuous progress: accurate product size, improved performance, diversified finishes and stable quality. The adoption of automation technology constantly improves productivity, and numerical control (using automation equipment) helps to solve the diversified requirements put forward by architects, while products are still produced by industrial methods.
Two. Industrialized components should be considered in architectural design. The development of information science has accelerated the management of information and design, opened up a new way for architectural design and provided new design tools. The design can be carried out by using building components provided in the market.
Third, the labor force at the construction site has changed. In the past, foreign immigrants and rural laborers did dirty and heavy manual work on construction sites. Now, these workers are old. The younger generation, whether immigrants or locals, are no longer willing to engage in this kind of labor. Therefore, it is very important for the construction industry to invent some new technologies that do not require a lot of dirty and heavy manual labor on the construction site. In this regard, it is a very meaningful way to use high value-added building components to build houses. Another way is to use automation equipment (robots) on the construction site, but it is hard to say whether this way will work. In order to promote the industrialization of residential buildings, in recent years, the French Concrete Industry Federation and the French Concrete Products Research Center have organized nearly 60 prefabricated plants in China to provide technical and economic information on their products. On the basis of absorbing the experience of French building industrialization in 1950s and 1960s, after years of efforts, the G5 software system was compiled. The software system integrates building components (mainly enclosure components, interior walls, floors, columns and beams, stairs and various technical pipes) that comply with the same modular coordination rules and are compatible in installation into the product catalogue. It tells users about the coordination rules of selection, technical data and size data of various types of components, construction methods of specific building components, their main shapes, connection methods between components, design economy and so on.
Using this software system, any architectural design can be transformed into industrial building components without changing the original design characteristics, especially the architectural artistic characteristics.
French concrete research center and industrialization construction group are responsible for the construction of experimental buildings and the handling of various design schemes. The purpose of this is to test and improve the function of the software system on the one hand, and to analyze the influence of adopting 65 software system on the whole production process from architectural design sketch to construction on the other hand. They have been popularizing this information processing tool in recent years.
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