1, general principles for measuring the quality of accounting information
(1) principle of objectivity. It requires that accounting should be based on actual transactions or events, and truthfully reflect the financial status, operating results and cash flow of enterprises.
(2) the principle of comparability. It requires that the accounting of enterprises should be carried out in accordance with the prescribed accounting treatment methods, and accounting indicators should be consistent and comparable.
(3) the principle of consistency. It requires the accounting methods of enterprises to be consistent before and after each period and shall not be changed at will. If changes are needed, the contents and reasons of the changes, the cumulative impact of the changes and the reasons why the cumulative impact cannot be reasonably determined should be explained in the notes to the accounting statements.
(4) the principle of relevance. It requires that the accounting information provided by enterprises should be able to reflect the financial status, operating results and cash flow of enterprises, which has met the requirements of accounting information users.
(5) the principle of timeliness. It requires the enterprise's accounting to be carried out in time, not in advance or delay.
(6) the principle of clarity. It requires that the accounting and financial accounting reports of enterprises should be clear and easy to understand and use.
2. General principles of confirmation and measurement
(1) accrual principle. It requires that the accounting of enterprises should be based on accrual basis. All realized income and expenses that have occurred or should be borne in the current period, regardless of whether the money has been received or paid, shall be regarded as current income and expenses; Any income and expenses that do not belong to this period, even if the money has been received and paid in this period, are not regarded as income and expenses in this period.
Accrual basis is the opposite of cash basis. Cash basis refers to the recognition of income or expenses according to the actual money received or paid.
(2) the principle of proportionality. It requires that when an enterprise conducts accounting, its income should match its cost and expenses, and its income and related costs and expenses in the same accounting period should be recognized in that accounting period.
(3) The principle of historical cost. It requires that the property of an enterprise should be measured according to the actual cost at the time of acquisition. After that, if all the property is impaired, the corresponding impairment reserve shall be accrued according to the regulations. Except for ...
law
Unless otherwise stipulated by administrative regulations and the unified national accounting system, enterprises shall not adjust their book values by themselves.
After an asset is impaired, its book value can no longer reflect its future recoverable amount, and the enterprise shall make corresponding provision for impairment.
(4) The principle of dividing income expenditure and capital expenditure. It requires enterprises to reasonably divide the boundaries between revenue expenditure and capital expenditure in accounting. If the benefit of expenditure only reaches the current accounting year (or a business cycle), it shall be regarded as revenue expenditure; If the benefits of expenditure last for several accounting years (or several business cycles), it shall be regarded as capital expenditure.
3. General principles of calibration.
(1) Prudence principle. It requires enterprises to handle the uncertain factors and risk factors in economic activities carefully in accounting, and not to overestimate assets or income, underestimate liabilities or expenses, and not to make secret provision.
(2) the principle of importance. It requires enterprises to distinguish the importance of transactions or events in the accounting process and adopt different accounting methods. Important accounting matters that have a significant impact on assets, liabilities, profits and losses, thus affecting the users of financial accounting reports to make reasonable judgments, must be handled in accordance with the prescribed accounting methods and procedures, and fully and accurately disclosed in financial accounting reports; For minor accounting matters, on the premise of not affecting the authenticity of accounting information and misleading the users of financial accounting reports to make correct judgments, the handling can be appropriately simplified.
The importance of evaluating specific projects depends largely on the professional judgment of accountants. Generally speaking, we should make a comprehensive analysis from both qualitative and quantitative aspects. In nature, when the number of something reaches a certain scale, it may have an impact on decision-making.
(3) Practice is more important than form. It requires enterprises to conduct accounting according to the economic essence of transactions or events, not just according to their legal forms.
For example, assets leased through financial leasing. Although the leasing enterprise does not have ownership in legal form, the lease term stipulated in the lease contract is quite long, which is close to the service life of the assets; At the end of the lease term, the leased enterprise has the option to purchase assets first; During the lease term, the leasing enterprise has the right to control the assets and benefit from them. From its economic essence, enterprises can control the future economic benefits they create. Therefore, the assets leased in the form of financial leasing are regarded as the assets of the leasing enterprise in accounting.
If the accounting of an enterprise is only carried out in the legal or artificial form of transactions or events, and its legal or artificial form fails to reflect its economic essence and reality, then the results of accounting will not only be beneficial to the decision-making of accounting information users, but will mislead the decision-making of accounting information use.