The ancestors of Basques may have been residents of ancient Europe. The origin of Basque nationality and its language is still a chain. Some people think that they may come from the Caucasus or North Africa, while others think that they were originally in the Iberian Peninsula.
Modern Basque language is written in Latin alphabet, but according to the cultural relics unearthed in archaeology, Basque language carved on ships with Iberian alphabet before Romanization can be found, while in Navarra, records of Basque language were written in Arabic alphabet in the Middle Ages. Experts haven't figured out where they originated and what language family Basque belongs to.
The history of Basque nationality formation is significantly different from that of other nationalities in Iberian Peninsula. During the period when the peninsula was invaded and ruled by Celts, Romans, Germans and Arabs, apart from the occasional cultural influence, they maintained their own characteristics in blood series and language.
Even in the flood of romanization for more than 600 years, it has not been impacted. This may be related to their remote mountain environment.
In the insurmountable mountains and jungles, the Basque nation has existed in isolation for hundreds of years. During the 8th ~/kloc-0th/0th century, Arabs invaded the Basque nationality, but met with stubborn resistance and failed.
In the 3rd century A.D./KLOC-0, the Basques in Spain had their own special rights for a long time after their unification with the Kingdom of Castilla. However, after 1876, the Basque people's privileges were cancelled.
Basques have a strong national consciousness. They fought tirelessly for "retro laws" and for equal rights. It was not until 1978 that they obtained autonomy according to the new constitution. Although Basques live in remote corners of northern Spain, they still attract people's attention quietly with mysterious figures.
There, Basques who were born and raised in Sri Lanka still maintain the oldest way of life. Traditionally, Basques cultivated in lowlands where rivers passed, mainly planting fruit trees and raising cows.
Due to the scattered farmhouse music, each household has its own system and settled for a long time. All the property passes to the heir or daughter. Therefore, Basque traditional culture is formed around this self-contained "farmer Tian She", which is isolated from the world and has a strong sense of intimacy.
Basques live in a very beautiful place, with dense forests and lush pastures, long valleys and swift streams, just like a fairyland outlined by landscape painters. As early as the early 20th century, China people witnessed its beautiful scenery. This man is Kang Youwei.
It is said that he also wrote poems: pavilion flag cover, golden axe batch. The stream flows to the end, muddy and narrow.
If the figure is beautiful, the glory depends on the sky. I don't know the color of Hengdai, but I feel quite lonely.
Henry. What historical materials of Matisse recorded that "Donatello among Animals" was a painting effect, which was shown in a salon in 1905?
The closest relationship with this salon is Henry? Matisse (1869~ 1954) is the core figure of the beast school. 1869 65438+February 3 1, Matisse was born in Lecado, a small town in southern France.
His father is a businessman and his mother is a painter in a ceramic factory. His life is arranged by his father. He spent his youth in Duval, veerman. After graduating from high school, he went to Paris to study law according to his father's wishes. After finishing his studies, he returned to a law firm near his hometown as a clerk.
Only then did he think that he would be associated with art and even painting. At the age of 2 1, Matisse was admitted to the hospital because of appendicitis.
Appendicitis is not like a serious illness, but it took a long time to cure at that time. Matisse found it difficult to kill these boring hours, so his mother gave him a box of paints, a set of brushes and a painting self-study manual as gifts.
When he picked up the brush, he felt "freedom, tranquility and leisure" for the first time in his life. He suddenly fell in love with painting, and in his own words, "I seem to have been called. From then on, I no longer dominate my life, but it dominates me. "
So he persuaded his father to come to Paris again, this time to learn painting. However, in the initial learning process, he did not find what he wanted.
This is not difficult to understand, because he came into contact with painting too late. Both his former master and his contemporary outstanding painters came into contact with painting since childhood. From 65438 to 0896, Matisse began to pay attention to impressionism and Japanese printmaking.
1899, he went to Karel's studio to study, where he met Dylan. From then on, he began to try painting.
190 1 year, Matisse got to know the Flemish again through Dylan, and a new school of painting began to form. This school of painting caused a sensation in the Paris art world at the painting salon in the autumn of 1905. This school liberated the color of painting more than impressionism and symbolism.
The members of the painting school are Matisse, Dylan, Flemish, Lua, Ma Erkai, Mangan and Van Gogh. Donggen, FriedYates, Bea and Walter, Matisse became the core of these people with superhuman talent. Their paintings all have the same theory about color, and their works are brightly colored and smeared at will.
They completely liberated color, so that painting was no longer limited by color, which had a great influence on later painting schools. A critic who is very sensitive to art can't stop sighing after reading their works. In his article, he commented on the effect of these young painters' works: "Donatello among beasts", and he even called these painters beasts.
In fact, the word "beast" has the meaning of bright colors and random smearing. Just as a conservative critic scolded Impressionism and gave it a name, the critic's praise also expressed the feelings of these young painters, who liked the word "beast" very much and called themselves Fauvism.
This critic is Louis? Vaselli. However, Fauvism only prevailed for three years, and 1908 disappeared in the painting world.
Fauvism disappeared because these painters found new interests. On the other hand, Matisse continued to try painting. The important works of this period include The Woman in the Hat, The Green Stripe, The Joy of Life, etc.
1 1 year, 72-year-old Matisse suffers from intestinal diseases. Two painful operations did not alleviate his pain, and the disease never left him again. 1954165438+1On October 3rd, Matisse died in Nice, where he lived for a long time, at the age of 85.
What are the records of the Silk Road in history? Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions opened up an important land transportation route between China and Eurasian countries, mainly from Chang 'an to Dunhuang, where foreign trade was conducted through Liangzhou, Gansu.
There are two trade routes from Dunhuang to Eurasian countries: one is along the northern foot of Kunlun Mountain, passing through the southern part of Xinjiang jungle (now Pamirs Plateau), passing through Da Yue (now Afghan), Anxin (now Iranian) and other countries, reaching the Mediterranean Sea, or going south to Shen Du (now Indian), which is the South Road; One goes west along the southern foot of Tianshan Mountain, passes through the northern foot of Conglin Mountain in Xinjiang today, passes through countries in Dawan (now Fergana Valley), and then goes west to Daqin (Rome). This is the north road. Both North Road and South Road straddle mountains, deserts and plateaus, and envoys and camel traders come and go. The main commodities traded are silk, but there are also precious stones, spices and glassware.
These two trade routes are world-famous for transporting and selling China's silk products, and are praised as the Silk Road by Chinese and foreign historians. The Silk Road has promoted the material and cultural exchanges between the East and the West, and greatly promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the people of all ethnic groups in China and the people of China and Europe and Asia.
What are the records about Charlemagne in history? Charlemagne is one of the greatest political figures in European history. He not only maintained the organization of the central group through campaigns, but also promulgated a series of laws and regulations to strengthen centralization, which made his kingdom a great empire at that time.
After Charles Martel came to power, nobles everywhere rebelled constantly. At that time, the Arab Empire in the East became more and more powerful, posing a serious threat to the Frankish kingdom. Facing the situation of domestic troubles and foreign invasion, Talimat relied on the army composed of free peasants in Ostrasia to quell the rebellion in various places and reunify New Strija, Burgundy and aquitaine.
During this period, Talimat established a powerful cavalry unit. In 732 AD, Talimat defeated the invading Arabs and recovered the occupied territory. From then on, Charlie became famous and was called "Charlie the Hammer".
Charles Martel is not only an outstanding strategist, but also an outstanding politician. In order to change the face of the Frankish kingdom, he took drastic reform measures. He abolished the system of unconditional land distribution and advocated the system of land fief.
Distribute the land confiscated from the rebel nobles and some church land to the nobles on the condition that they must perform military service for the king. At the same time, the giver of fiefs also has the obligation to protect loyal recipients from others.
He also stipulated that fiefs could not be hereditary, but could only be used for life, and that if the grantee failed to perform his obligations or died, the grantor had the right to take back the fiefs and terminate the granting relationship. If we continue the previous relationship, we must re-fence. This reform had an extremely important impact on the development of the Frankish Kingdom and the history of Western Europe. It established the vassal relationship with land and service as the basic conditions, weakened the aristocratic power, strengthened the royal power, and was conducive to social stability and unity.
After the implementation of the fief system, small and medium feudal lords were not allowed to refuse military service. They brought their own horses and were well equipped, which constituted a new type of cavalry and laid the foundation for the medieval knight system in western Europe. After the Frankish Kingdom, the powerful Charlemagne Empire was established by this cavalry.
What are the records about Li Bai's alcoholism in history? Li Bai was addicted to alcohol all his life and had an indissoluble bond with alcohol.
At that time, Du Fu vividly described Li Bai in Song of Drinking Eight Immortals: Li Bai had hundreds of poems about fighting wine and went to a restaurant in Chang 'an for dinner. The son of heaven didn't get on the boat, calling himself Brewmaster.
These four poems are about the close relationship between wine and poetry, the closeness to the common people, and the contempt for the dignity of the emperor. Therefore, people like Li Bai very much and call him "Poet Fairy" and "Brewmaster".
In order to praise and cherish the memory of this great poet, the brands of "Taibai Legacy" and "Taibai Family" were hung in ancient hotels, and this romantic trend has spread to modern times. Li Bai is addicted to alcohol.
In the poem "Send Inside" to his wife, he said, "Get drunk every day for 360 days." The poem "A trip to Xiangyang" says, "Pour 300 cups a day, and it will last 36,000 days in a hundred years."
In the poem "Into the Wine", he said, "Let me drink three hundred bowls at once! Although these figures are inevitably exaggerated, it is also true that Li Bai drinks too much.
Why does Li Bai often get drunk? One of the reasons is to drown one's sorrows in wine. In the first year of Tianbao, Li Bai came to Chang 'an and was recommended by Wu Jun and who. He was quickly appreciated by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and served as Zhao's Hanlin, drafting imperial edicts and imperial edicts for the emperor.
Li Bai used the opportunity of approaching Xuanzong to express his views on state affairs, and also advised unreasonable phenomena. But at this time, Xuanzong lived in the palace and indulged in debauchery.
He just regards Li Bai as a royal scholar who satisfies his own enjoyment. Therefore, it is inevitable that Li Bai will not be reused or even given money.
After Li Bai was expelled from Chang 'an, he was depressed and full of resentment, and poured out wine. He said in "One Difficult Way to Go": "There are 1000 glasses of wine in the golden urn, and the jade plate is a treasure.
I threw the food bar and cup aside. I couldn't eat or drink. I pulled out my dagger. I peeped in four directions in vain. I want to cross the Yellow River, but ice will block the ferry and Taihang Mountain will be covered with snow.
..... It's hard to walk, it's hard to walk, and there are many roads. Today? ..... "It means that the food and drinks are expensive, but I can't eat any more, so I have to put down my glass and chopsticks. I tried to cross the Yellow River, but I was frozen. I want to climb Taihang Mountain, but it is covered with snow.
Look around, there is a fork in the road. Where is my way out? The poet compared the hardships of the road to the dangers of the world and poured out his indignation that he was not reused. Because the contradiction could not be solved, he and his friends drank as drunk as a fiddler every day.
But drinking can't dispel his sadness. He said in the poem "Xuanzhou Xie Jumping School": "Those who abandon me can't stay yesterday, and those who disturb my heart are even more worried today.
..... But since the water is still flowing, although we cut it with our swords, we raise our glasses to drown our sorrows. Since the world can't satisfy our desire, the Ming Dynasty sent ships.
"。